Biology - Medical Technologies, Public Health Strategies, Social and Ethical Issues

Question 1

MRI (Medical Resonance Imaging)

Answer 1

Magnets send magnetic and radiofrequency waves toward body which aligns with magnetic field sending signals to the computer - for soft tissues, brain injuries

Question 2

CT (Computerized Tomography)

Answer 2

X-rays from multiple angles to produce cross section of body - for all parts of body (head injuries, tumors, etc.)

Question 3

PET (Positron Emission Topography)

Answer 3

Radioactive tracers injected so organs and tissues will show up in different colours - for cancers, heart diseases, brain disorders

Question 4

X-Ray

Answer 4

Beams pass through body, absorbed by denser structures (bones) and passes through less dense structures (tissues) - for bones and joints

Question 5

Ultrasound

Answer 5

High frequency sounds waves reflected back for probe to receive echo waves - for pregnancies and tumors

Question 6

Angiogram

Answer 6

Dye injected for x-rays to see blood vessels and heart - for blood flow in vessels and heart

Question 7

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

Answer 7

Patches called electrodes send electric currents for heart to respond - for heart problems

Question 8

Fluoroscopy

Answer 8

Continuous x-ray beam to make real-time video of body’s movements - for stomach/intestinal functions and blood flow

Question 9

Colonoscopy

Answer 9

Tube with camera is inserted into the rectum to view inside of the colon - for intestinal problems and colon cancer

Question 10

Upper Endoscopy

Answer 10

Tube with camera inserted down throat to view upper digestive system - for issues in upper digestive system

Question 11

Urine Analysis

Answer 11

Tests urine: visual, dipstick, or microscopic - for diseases (kidney disease, diabetes, urinary tract infection)

Question 12

Public Health Strategies to Prevent Disease

Answer 12

1. Vaccinations and Immunizations
2. Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles
3. Promoting Public Awareness
4. Screening

Question 13

Vaccinations and Immunizations

Answer 13

Vaccines contain a small amount of dead/inactivated virus or bacteria which boosts the immune system, producing antibodies (ex. HPV vaccine)

Question 14

Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles

Answer 14

Smoke free environments: encourages people not to smoke, provides programs to quit, and protects people from second-hand smoke
Healthy active living programs: promotes maintaining a healthy diet and staying physically active

Question 15

Promoting Public Awareness

Answer 15

Solar radiation: information on how to limit sun exposure (protective clothing, sunscreen, etc.)
West Nile virus: information on how to limit mosquito exposure (protective/light-coloured clothing, insect repellent, etc.)

Question 16

Screening

Answer 16

Simple and inexpensive tests to reduce incident of diseases through early detection
- Cancer Screening
- DNA Screening: can see if an individual has a series of genes that increases likelihood of a disease

Question 17

Transplanting Organs

Answer 17

Not enough organ donors - so can we expand criteria for donors and/or increase use of live donors (animal-to-human transplants as well?)?

Question 18

Gene Therapy

Answer 18

Experimental procedure where modified virus carries new genes into a cell to replace an absent/faulty gene - can potentially treat diseases like cystic fibrosis

Question 19

Cloning

Answer 19

Creation of genetically identical organism that is an exact copy of a gene, cell, or organism

Question 20

Cloning in Plants

Answer 20

Taking a cutting from a plant and allowing it to root and produce an identical plant (ex. grafting an apple tree)

Question 21

Cloning in Animals

Answer 21

Reproductive Cloning: transfer of nucleus from a cell into an egg cell without a nucleus, embryo is transferred to the womb of a mother and begins to grow with identical genetic info to the original body cell
Gene Cloning: transfer of gene into bacteria so that it can reproduce (for gene therapy)
Therapeutic Cloning: harvest embryonic cells from developing embryo to regrow healthy tissue for damaged tissue

Question 22

Transgenic Techniques

Answer 22

Transgenic organism contain genes from other species (animals used to study diseases and xenotransplantation, plants developed to increase resistance to challenges)

Question 23

Reproductive Technologies:
Artificial Insemination (AI)

Answer 23

Collecting sperm from a male and placing it the reproductive system of a female (sperm banks)

Question 24

Reproductive Technologies:
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Answer 24

Sperm and egg fertilized in a petri dish, embryo then placed in womb of a female