Biology - Animal Organ Systems Flashcards
Function of Circulatory System
Carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body
Purposes of System
- Carries oxygen from lungs to body
- Carries carbon dioxide from body to lungs
- Carries nutrients from intestines to body
- Carries cellular waste from body to kidneys
How System/Heart Works
- Double circulatory system
- Right side carries deoxygenated blood
- Left side carries oxygenated blood
Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body to pump to right ventricle, which pumps blood to lungs for oxygen. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs to pump to left ventricle, which pumps blood to body
Arteries
Carries blood away from the heart (has thick muscles and elastics that allow it to stretch and contract to push blood)
- Pulmonary Artery: carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
- Coronary Artery: heart’s blood supply
Veins
Carries blood into the heart (has valves to prevent back flow)
- Pulmonary Vein: carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
Capillaries
Exchanges materials from blood and body cells; and links arteries and veins (one cell thick and made up of epithelial tissue)
- Capillary Bed: collection of capillaries
Blood
Body fluid containing cells in plasma
Red Blood Cells
Biconcave disks without a nucleus that contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen - can also change its shape to an amazing extent
White Blood Cells
Cells that fight off foreign invaders, sometimes by making antibodies, that have a big nucleus (variety of different types)
Platelets
Broken off pieces of larger cells that are responsible for forming blood clots
High Blood Pressure
The force of blood pushing on the blood vessels is too strong
Heart Attack
Plaque build up or blood clots in the coronary artery block blood flow causing heart cells to die from lack of oxygen/nutrients
Stroke
Plaque build up, blood clots, or ruptures in the arteries to the brain block blood flow causing brain cells to die from lack of oxygen
Function of Respiratory System
Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Air Pathway to Lungs
Air is taken in from nose/mouth, travels down pharynx (throat) and larynx, then down one of two bronchi into lungs.
Cells lining trachea and bronchi are covered in cilia embedded in mucus which trap foreign particles and cilia sweep them away.
Gas Exchange
Bronchi trap into bronchioles which end in tiny sacs called alveoli. Alveoli are wrapped in capillaries. At alveoli, oxygen enters blood through diffusion and carbon dioxide is diffused from the blood into the alveoli to be expelled out.
Breathing
Diaphragm moves, forcing air in and out of lungs (breathing is involuntary)
Inhalation: volume of lungs increase, diaphragm moves down (contracts)
Exhalation: volume of lungs decrease, diaphragm moves up (relaxes)
Asthma
Bronchi become narrow from swelling and increase in mucus, causing trouble breathing
Digestive System
Takes in food, digests it, and excretes remaining waste
Digestive Tract
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus
- Tube is lined with epithelial tissue made up of goblet cells that secrete mucus
- Mucus protects tube from digestive enzymes and helps food move smoothly through the tube
Mouth
Starts digestion process in two ways:
Mechanically - with teeth and tongue
Chemically - with digestive enzymes –> like saliva which is a mixture of enzymes (like amylase) and water produced from epithelial cells lining the mouth
Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects the mouth and the stomach
Peristalsis: the movement of smooth muscle tissue contracting and relaxing to push food down
Stomach
Holds food and churns it to continue digestion
- Stomach lining contains cells that produce digestive enzymes and acids
- Smooth muscle tissue contracts to mix stomach contents
Intestine
Connects the stomach to the anus
- Intestinal lining produces mucus and also has smooth muscles that move without conscious thought
Small Intestine
6-7 m long, narrow, where most of the digestion happens
Long Intestine (Colon)
1.5 m long, wider, lining absorbs water from indigestible food
Accessory Organs
Liver, pancreas, gall bladder all help supply digestive enzymes
Liver also produces bile to help breakdown fats
Pancreas produces insulin to regulate glucose levels in blood
