Biology - Animal Organ Systems

Question 1

Function of Circulatory System

Answer 1

Carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body

Question 2

Purposes of System

Answer 2

1. Carries oxygen from lungs to body
2. Carries carbon dioxide from body to lungs
3. Carries nutrients from intestines to body
4. Carries cellular waste from body to kidneys

Question 3

How System/Heart Works

Answer 3

• Double circulatory system
• Right side carries deoxygenated blood
• Left side carries oxygenated blood

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body to pump to right ventricle, which pumps blood to lungs for oxygen. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs to pump to left ventricle, which pumps blood to body

Question 4

Arteries

Answer 4

Carries blood away from the heart (has thick muscles and elastics that allow it to stretch and contract to push blood)
- Pulmonary Artery: carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
- Coronary Artery: heart’s blood supply

Question 5

Veins

Answer 5

Carries blood into the heart (has valves to prevent back flow)
- Pulmonary Vein: carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

Question 6

Capillaries

Answer 6

Exchanges materials from blood and body cells; and links arteries and veins (one cell thick and made up of epithelial tissue)
- Capillary Bed: collection of capillaries

Question 7

Blood

Answer 7

Body fluid containing cells in plasma

Question 8

Red Blood Cells

Answer 8

Biconcave disks without a nucleus that contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen - can also change its shape to an amazing extent

Question 9

White Blood Cells

Answer 9

Cells that fight off foreign invaders, sometimes by making antibodies, that have a big nucleus (variety of different types)

Question 10

Platelets

Answer 10

Broken off pieces of larger cells that are responsible for forming blood clots

Question 11

High Blood Pressure

Answer 11

The force of blood pushing on the blood vessels is too strong

Question 12

Heart Attack

Answer 12

Plaque build up or blood clots in the coronary artery block blood flow causing heart cells to die from lack of oxygen/nutrients

Question 13

Stroke

Answer 13

Plaque build up, blood clots, or ruptures in the arteries to the brain block blood flow causing brain cells to die from lack of oxygen

Question 14

Function of Respiratory System

Answer 14

Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Question 15

Air Pathway to Lungs

Answer 15

Air is taken in from nose/mouth, travels down pharynx (throat) and larynx, then down one of two bronchi into lungs.
Cells lining trachea and bronchi are covered in cilia embedded in mucus which trap foreign particles and cilia sweep them away.

Question 16

Gas Exchange

Answer 16

Bronchi trap into bronchioles which end in tiny sacs called alveoli. Alveoli are wrapped in capillaries. At alveoli, oxygen enters blood through diffusion and carbon dioxide is diffused from the blood into the alveoli to be expelled out.

Question 17

Breathing

Answer 17

Diaphragm moves, forcing air in and out of lungs (breathing is involuntary)
Inhalation: volume of lungs increase, diaphragm moves down (contracts)
Exhalation: volume of lungs decrease, diaphragm moves up (relaxes)

Question 18

Asthma

Answer 18

Bronchi become narrow from swelling and increase in mucus, causing trouble breathing

Question 19

Digestive System

Answer 19

Takes in food, digests it, and excretes remaining waste

Question 20

Digestive Tract

Answer 20

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus
- Tube is lined with epithelial tissue made up of goblet cells that secrete mucus
- Mucus protects tube from digestive enzymes and helps food move smoothly through the tube

Question 21

Mouth

Answer 21

Starts digestion process in two ways:
Mechanically - with teeth and tongue
Chemically - with digestive enzymes –> like saliva which is a mixture of enzymes (like amylase) and water produced from epithelial cells lining the mouth

Question 22

Esophagus

Answer 22

Muscular tube that connects the mouth and the stomach
Peristalsis: the movement of smooth muscle tissue contracting and relaxing to push food down

Question 23

Stomach

Answer 23

Holds food and churns it to continue digestion
- Stomach lining contains cells that produce digestive enzymes and acids
- Smooth muscle tissue contracts to mix stomach contents

Question 24

Intestine

Answer 24

Connects the stomach to the anus
- Intestinal lining produces mucus and also has smooth muscles that move without conscious thought

Question 25

Small Intestine

Answer 25

6-7 m long, narrow, where most of the digestion happens

Question 26

Long Intestine (Colon)

Answer 26

1.5 m long, wider, lining absorbs water from indigestible food

Question 27

Accessory Organs

Answer 27

Liver, pancreas, gall bladder all help supply digestive enzymes
Liver also produces bile to help breakdown fats
Pancreas produces insulin to regulate glucose levels in blood