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Special Senses > Opthalmology > Flashcards

Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Most common form of blindness worldwide?

A

Cataracts

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2
Q

3rd most common form of blindness worldwide?

A

Age related macular degeneration

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3
Q

What aspect of vision does ARMD affect?

A

Central

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4
Q

What aspect of vision does Glaucoma affect?

A

Peripheral

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5
Q

3 features of dry ARMD

A

1) Drusen - waste products from pigment eipthelium
2) Atrophy of retinal pigment eipthelium
3) Slowly progressing
4) Less dramatic

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6
Q

3 features of wet ARMD

A

1) Fluid build up 2’ o neovascularisation from pigment epithelium
2) Haemorrhages, scarring, swelling
3) Dramatic

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7
Q

Presentation of ARMD

A

Central vision affected, difficulty reading fine print and recognising faces

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8
Q

Signs of ARMD of fundoscopy

A

Drusen, atrophy, haemorrhages, scarring, pigmentation

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9
Q

Risk factors of ARMD

A

Smoking, sun exposure, age, poor diet + alcohol

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10
Q

What is the 2nd leading cause of blindness worldwide

A

Glaucoma

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11
Q

Glaucoma presentation

A

Usually no symptoms until end stage - bumping into things, missing object in peripheries.
VA unaffected until end stage

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12
Q

Signs of glaucoma on fundoscopy

A

Cupping, pallor, splinter haemorrhages in optic disk.

Usually raised IOP + RAPD is asymmetric advanced glaucoma

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13
Q

Pathology in AACG

A

Physically obstructed anterior chamber angle stops outflow of aqueous humour - rise in IOP

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14
Q

What produces the aqueous humour and where does it drain?

A

Produces - Ciliary body

Drains - Trabecular meshwork

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15
Q

ACAG presentation

A

Severe and rapid onset of pain

Blurred vision, coloured haloes, systemic malaise

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16
Q

Signs of ACAG

A

Red eye caused by ciliary flush

Raised IOP, shallow anterior chamber, corneal epithelial oedema

17
Q

ACAG treatment

A

Medical - B-blockers, steroids, IV Acetazolamide - if no response then systemic hyperosmotics
Surgical:
- Peripheral iridotomy - 2 holes in iris with laser
- Surgical iridotomy - more invasive when PI not
possible
- Lensectomy - if cataract swollen to precipitate
ACAG

18
Q

What is GCA

A

Systemic immune mediated vaculitis affecting medium and large arteries

19
Q

Presentation of GCA

A

Recent temporal headache, myalgia, fever, malaise.

Sudden bilateral vision loss in the elderly due to inflammation of the opthalmic artery

20
Q

Investigations of GCA

A

Temporal artery biopsy within 2 wks of starting steroids

21
Q

Treatment of GCA

A

High dose corticosteroids immediately

Add low dose aspirin

22
Q

Pathophysiology of conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

23
Q

Non infectious causes of conjunctivitis

A

Mechanical, toxic, immune mediated and neoplastic

24
Q

Presentation of conjunctivits

A

1) Dilated conjunctival vessels
2) Follicles - round collections of lymphocytes - nodules
3) Papillae - Cobblestone appearance of flattened nodules, red surface and pale base.

25
Q

Bacterial causes of conjunctivitis

A

Staph/ strep pneu. h/flu, chlamydial

26
Q

Viral causes of conjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus, HSV, HZV, Molluscum

27
Q

Conjunctivitis treatment

A

Allergic - Prevent release of mediators and avoid triggers - mast cell stabilisers/ ati-histamines
Infective - Most are self limiting - good hygeine

28
Q

Presentation of a corneal ulcer

A

Severe discomfort, red and watering eye, cant keep eye open

29
Q

Red flags of corneal ulcer

A

Deep lid laceration, subconjunctival haemorrhage, pupil, iris or fundal abnormalities

30
Q

Corneal ulcer treatment

A

Analgesia, remove abrasion and rust ring, photokeratitis, eye patch for 24 hrs

31
Q

What is Uveitis

A

Inflammation of the uveal tract - pigmented layer that consists of the iris, ciliary body and choroid

32
Q

Different forms of uveitis

A

Anterior - iris (most common)
Intermediate - vitreous and posterior ciliary body
Posterior choroid

33
Q

Causes of uveitis

A

Inflammation, infection, infiltration 2’ to neoplasm, trauma, iatrogenic, idiopathic or ischaemic

34
Q

Presentation of A I and P Uveitis

A

A - Unilateral pain, redness, blurred vision, headache
I - Painless floaters
P - Bilateral gradual visual loss, blurred vision, photophobia

35
Q

Uveitis treatment

A

Trying to control inflammation, prevent visual loss and minimise complications

  • Cycloplegic drugs to paralyse the ciliary body and relieve pain and adhesions
  • Topical corticosteroids.

Special Senses (7 decks)

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