Fundoscopy Flashcards
What colour should the optic disk be?
Creamy/Yellow
Why is there a blind spot in the optic disk?
Its where the nerve and vessels emerge and there are no rods or cones here
What is the optic cup?
How big should it be?
Dip in the centre of the disc where the vessels emerge
<1/3 of the disc size
Describe the retinal arteries
Small and bright with longitudinal pale streaks
Green filter make them seem black
Describe the retinal veins
Larger and purple.
Green filter makes them look blue
What is the macula
Central axis of vision, contains the highest density of cones giving the highest VA
What is the fovea
Centre of the macula with only cones giving highest level of VA
What are the 4 types of diabetic retinopathy?
Background, pre-proliferative, proliferative and maculopathy
What are the signs of background diabetic retinopathy?
Microaneurysms
Blot haemorrhages
Hard exudates
What are the signs of pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Cotton wool spots
Microvascular abnormalities
Irregularly shaped blood vessels
Signs of proliferative diabetic retinopathy
New vessel formation
Signs of Maculopathy
Accumulation of haemorrhages and hard exudates around the macula
Accompanied by decreased VA and oedema near the fovea
Signs of stage 1 hypertension in the retina
Arteries narrowing and crossing of vessels
Altered light reflex
Increased tortuosity of vessels
Signs of stage 2 hypertension in the retina
AV nipping
Signs of stage 3 hypertension in the retina
Flame and splinter haemorrhages
Cotton wool spots
Hard exudates
