Opthalmology

Question 1

Hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 1

Modified Scheie Classification of Hypertensive Retinopathy:

Grade 0: No changes

Grade 1: Barely detectable arterial narrowing

Grade 2: Obvious arterial narrowing, arterial venous nicking with focal irregularities

Grade 3: Grade 2 plus flame hemorrhages, hard exudates, cotton wool spots, or retinal edema

Grade 4: Grade 3 plus papilledema

Question 2

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 2

Microaneurysms, dot and blot haemorrhages, hard exudates (waxy yellow deposits), cotton wool spots.

Question 3

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 3

Vitreous hemorrhage and sudden vision loss, macular oedema