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Medicine Year 4 > Opthalmology > Flashcards

Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Management of anterior uveitis

A

Urgent referral

Treated with steroid and cycloplegic eye drops

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2
Q

Treatment of herpes simplex keratitis

A

Topical aciclovir

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3
Q

Ptosis and dilated pupil

Ptosis and constricted pupil

A

Dilated: Third nerve palsy
Constricted: Horners

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4
Q

What eye condition can be present in cases of seborrhoeic dermatitis

A

Blephritis

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5
Q

Catarscts

A

Endopthalmitis

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6
Q

Ciliary flush and painful red eye with photophobia and reduced vision

A

Anterior uveitis

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7
Q

Failure to correct childhood quints may lead to…

A

Amblyopia

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8
Q

Reduction in aqueous secretion and induction of pupillary constriction

A

Acute angle closure glaucoma

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9
Q

3 presentations of horners syndrome

A

head, arm, trunk = central lesion: stroke, syringomyelia
just face = pre-ganglionic lesion: Pancoast’s, cervical rib
absent = post-ganglionic lesion: carotid artery

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10
Q

Paipilloedema

A

Grade 4

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11
Q

What does macular degeneration NOT cause

A

Tunnel vision

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12
Q

What condition are dursen found in

A

Dry macular degeneration

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13
Q

Squint management

A

Refer to opthalmology

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14
Q

Known precipitant of acute angle closure glaucoma

A

Mydriatic drops

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15
Q

Sudden painless loss of vision with a dense shadow starting peripherally and progressing centrally with spider webs and flashing lights

A

Retinal detacthment

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16
Q

Sudden painless loss of vision with severe retinal haemorrhages on fundoscopy

A

Central retinal vein occlusion

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17
Q

What is hutchinsons sign

A

Vesicles extending to the tip of the nose

Strongly associated with ocular involvement in shingles

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18
Q

Difference between vessels in episcleritis and scleritis

A

Episcleritis: vessels are mobile when gently pressure is applied on the sclera
Scleritis: vessels are deeper so they do not move

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19
Q

Painless, transient monocular blindness together with the description of a ‘black curtain coming down’

A

amaurosis fugax

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20
Q

Difference between acute angle closure glaucoma and primary open angle closure glaucoma

A

Acute: hypermetropia
Primary: myopia

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21
Q

Contraindication for a lumbar puncture

A

Raised ICP

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22
Q

Relevant afferent pupillary deficit and central scotoma

A

Optic neuritis (MS)

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23
Q

Decreasing vision over months with metamorphopsia and central scotoma

A

Wet age related macular degeneration

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24
Q

Presentation of ‘red eye’ in glaucoma and uveitis

A

Glaucoma: severe pain, haloes, ‘semi-dilated’ pupil
Uveitis: small, fixed oval pupil, ciliary congestion

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25
Side effect of steroid eye drops
Fungal infections which can cause corneal ulcers
26
Emergency management of primary open angle glaucoma
``` Direct parasympathomimetic (pilocarpine) to contract ciliary muscle Beta blocker (TIMOLOL) to reduce aqueous production Alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine) ``` IV acetazolamide
27
Blunt ocular trauma with associated hyphema is a high risk scenario of what?
Raised intraocular pressure
28
Management of contact lens wearers with a painful red eye
Referred to eye casualty to exclude microbial keratitis
29
Side effects of Lantanoprost
Increases eyelash length, iris and periocular pigmentation
30
Contact lenses during conjunctivitis?
Do not wear
31
Screen for childhood squint?
Corneal light reflection test
32
Definite treatment for acute angle closure glaucoma
Laser peripheral iridotomy
33
Management of a patient with an organic foreign body in their eye (eg grass seed)
Immediate referral to opthalmology for assessment (due to infection risk)
34
Dark spots in vision with no pain and PMHx T2DM
Vitreous haemorrhage
35
Red eye which is not painful
Episcleritis
36
Test for age related macular degeneration
Amsler grid testing
37
What do drusen look like?
Yellow deposits in the retina
38
Management and presentation of orbital cellulitis
Swelling and painful red eye with fever and limited ocular movements Admit for IV antibiotics
39
2 complications of orbital cellulitis
Cavernous sinus thrombosis | Intracranial spread
40
Wet age related macular degeneration on fundoscopy
Well demarcated red pathces
41
Treatment of wet age related macular degeneration
anti-VEGF
42
Herpes simplex keratitis on examination with stain
Dendritic ulcer
43
What investigation is used to guide treatment for age related macular degeneration
Fluorescein angiography
44
Anisocoria worse in bright light - where is the problem
In the pupil which is dilated
45
Parasympathetic and sympathetic - what do they each do to the pupils?
Parasympathetic causes pupil constriction (ciliary ganglion) | Sympathetic causes pupil dilation
46
Risk factor for vitreous haemorrhage
Warfarin and other blood thinning agents
47
What investigation is used to identify refractive errors
Use of a pin hole occluder
48
Presentation of acute closed-angle glaucoma
Fixed dilated pupil, conjunctival infection, halos around lights, blurry vision, headaches, vomiting, dull cornea
49
What are cotton wool spots?
Pre-capillary arteriolar occlusion (areas of retinal infarction)
50
Treatment for allergic conjunctivitis
First line: Topical or systemic antihistamines | Second line: Topical mast cell stabilisers e.g. sodium cromoglicate and nedocromil
51
Risk factors for anterior uveitis
Ankylosing spondylitis | Crohns
52
Organism in contact lens keratitis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
53
Sudden painless loss of vision with a red spot and pale retina on fundoscopy
Central retinal artery occlusion
54
Definite management of acute angle closure glaucoma
Laser peripheral iridotomy
55
Management of primary open angle glaucoma
Latanoprost (prostaglandin analogue) to increase outflow
56
Pain out of proportion of clinical presentation, contact lens and recent freshwater swimming
Acanthamoebic keratitis
57
4 features of horners
miosis (small pupil) ptosis enophthalmos* (sunken eye) anhidrosis (loss of sweating one side)
58
Screening if a FHx of glaucoma
Annual screening from age 40 years
59
Sudden onset visual loss with flashers and floaters
Posterior viterous detachment
60
Blurry vision for a few months with halos surrounding light with PMHx T2DM
Cataract
61
Carbon dioxide and ICP
Raised CO2 may cause raised ICP (therapeutic hyperventilation to induce hypocapnia used in emergencies)
62
Define mydriatic
Dilated pupil
63
What is argull-Robertson pupil
Seen in neurosyphilis | Small irregular pupils, no response to light but response to accommodation
64
Give 4 causes of dilated pupils
Third nerve palsy Atropine Holmes-Adie pupil Traumatic iridoplegia
65
Trau
66
Risk factor for subscapular cataracts
Steroid use
67
Two stages of diabetic retinopathy
Pre-proliferative | Proliferative: neovascularisation, vitreous haemorrhage
68
3 features of keratitis
Red eye, photophobia, gritty sensation
69
1st line treatment for blepharitis
Hot compress and mechanical removal of debris
70
What is a holmes adie pupil?
Viral or bacterial infection damages the parasympathetic nerves
71
What condition is diagnosed by the swinging light test
Marcus-Gunn Pupil
72
What is chalazion
A meibomian cyst presents as a firm painless lump in the eyelid
73
Presentation of optic neuritis
Visual loss, eye pain and red desaturation
74
central scotoma
75
Visual field loss in macular degeneration vs primary open angle glaucoma
Macular degeneration: central field loss | Primary open angle glaucoma: peripheral field loss
76
Blurry vision with wavy/crooked lines and central visual field loss
Age related macular degeneration
77
Does calcium affect cataract development?
Yes, hypOcalcemia increases the risk of cataracts
78
4 risk factors for cataracts
Downs Diabetes Steroids Uveitis
79
Retinopathy presentation
Painless reduction in visual acuity
80
Episcleritis vs Scleritis
Episcleritis is painless | Scleritis is painful

Medicine Year 4 (13 decks)

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