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Y6 Senior Med > Opthalm > Flashcards

Opthalm Flashcards

1
Q

what is the aetiology of closed angle glaucoma

A

drainage angle is blocked > raised IOP > optic nerve damage

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2
Q

what are risks factors for acute closed angle glaucoma

A

female
hypermetropria
old age

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3
Q

S/S closed angle glaucoma

A 
reduced visual acuity 
N&V 
halo around light 
severe pain
headache
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4
Q

Ix closed angle glaucoma

A

fundoscopy (cloudy cornea, fixed and dilated pupil)

Gonioscopy with slit lam

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5
Q

Mx for closed angle glaucoma

A 
refer 
medical mx (ATP) 
surg: laser peripheral iridiotomy of both eyes (essentially drill small hole through iris > do this on both eyes as other eye is likely to be affected)
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6
Q

what is anteror uveitis

A

inflammation of the anterior uvea (iris, ciliary)

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7
Q

sx anterior uveitis

A

acute pain
photophobia
blurred vision
pus in anterior chamber

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8
Q

what do you see on fundoscopy for anterior uveitis

A

irregular small pupil

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9
Q

explain the different types of conjunctivitis

A

viral: watery, bilateral OR unilateral
Bacterial: sticky purulent, always unilateral
allergic: pruritic, bilateral

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10
Q

mx of conjunctivitis if contant wearer

A

if contact lens wearer > refer to same day opthalm review as difficult to deetermine difference between conjunctivtis and microbial keratitis > prompt tx required

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11
Q

mx for different types of conjunctivitis

A

bacterial: chlorpenicol drips
allergic: histamine drips
viral: nil

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12
Q

what is corneal abrasion

A

scratch to epithelium of eye

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13
Q

ix corneal abrasion

A

slit lamp fluoroscein staining defect green

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14
Q

mx corneal abration

A

infection prophylaxis (chlorphenicol ointment)

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15
Q

what is a corneal ulcer / keratitis caused by

A

Bacterial e.g. s aureus, p aeroginosa (contact lenses)
Fung
Amoeba
Viiral - HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS (dendtritic ulcer)

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16
Q

S/S corneal ulcer

A

pain photophobia blurred vision
visible defect, grittiness,
white corneal opacity

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17
Q

corneal ulcer complications

A

scarring

visual loss

18
Q

ix for corneal ulcer

A

slit lamp fluorescin stain

19
Q

what is opthalmic shingles / activation of herpe zoster opthalmicus

A

CN v1 reactivation of VZV

20
Q

how does opthalmic shingles present

A

pain

blistering rash

21
Q

how do you manage opthalmic shingles

A

refer > oral aciclovir > topical corticosteroids

22
Q

causes of sudden loss of vision

A

optic neuritis
vitreus haemorrhage
retinal detachment
retinal vessel occluson

23
Q

sx optic neuritis

A

Central scotoma
RAPD
acuity loss (central vision, colour vision)
pain on movement

24
Q

causes of optic neuritis

A

MS
DM
drugs
infection e.g. lyme, VZV

25
Q

whatr is a viteus haemorrhage caused by

A

angiogenesis (DM)

retinal tear, detachment, trauma (e.g. warfarin)

26
Q

retinal detachment cause

A

separation of retinal layers > decreased blood supply and oxygen to retina

27
Q

sx retinal detachment

A

floaters
flashes
field loss
fall in acuity

28
Q

mx retinal detachment

A

needs urgent surgery

29
Q

explain age related macular degen

A

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF BLINDNESS in <60

30
Q

ssx ARMD

A

central vision loss
old age
blurring of small words
straight liness appear curvy

31
Q

what is catarach

A

clouing of the lens of the eye

32
Q

causes of cataract

A

age
steroids
smoking
DM

33
Q

S/S catARACT

A

myopia
blurred vision, gradual vision loss
dazzling in bright lights, night vision loss
halos

34
Q

mx cataract

A
  1. glasses, sunglassses, glycaemic control
  2. medical: mydriadic eye drops (tropicamide)
  3. surg: cataract surgery (laser)
35
Q

stages of diabetic retinopathy

A
  1. Background
  2. Pre-proliferative
  3. Proliferative
36
Q

Describe background diabetic retinopathy

A
  • venodilation
  • microaneurysm (red dots)
  • hard exhudates
37
Q

describe pre-proliferative diabetic retinopatthy

A

soft exhudates (COTTON WOOL SPOTS) = ischaemia in retina (will lead to angiogenic factor release and new vessel formation later)

38
Q

describe proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

new vessel growth!!! may burst and cause haemorrhage in vitreus

39
Q

what are the four stages of hypertensive retinopathy

A
  1. Arteriolar narrowing, silver wiring
  2. AV nipping
  3. Flame-shaped haemorrhages, cotton wool spots
  4. Papilloedema
40
Q

how do you treat pre-prolif / prolif diabetic nephropathy?

A

pan retinal laser photocoagulation

Y6 Senior Med (29 decks)

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