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History-Germany > Opposition, Control And Consent 1933-1945 > Flashcards

Opposition, Control And Consent 1933-1945 Flashcards

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1
Q

Non-conformity meaning

A

(Largest category) people who neither resisted nor opposed the regime, but who did in various ways fail to conform to its demands

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2
Q

Opposition

A

Large category, people who opposed particular nazi policies but did not necessarily reject the regime as a whole

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3
Q

Active resistance

A

Small number people who totally rejected Nazism and sought the overthrow of the regime

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4
Q

3 examples of youth opposition to the nazis

A

The white rose group
The swing youth
The edelweiss pirates

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5
Q

The white rose group

A

-led by Professor Kurt Huber
-1942-1943
-first public demonstration to the Nazi regime
-‘Germany’s name will remain disgraced forever unless German Youth finally rises up immediately, takes revenge, stones, smashes its torturers and builds a new spiritual Europe

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6
Q

The Swing Youth

A

-mainly middle class teenagers who went to parties to listen to banned English and American music (jazz and dance the jitterbug)
-long unkempt hair and exaggerated clothes
-accepted Jews within organisation
-refused to join Hitler Youth Minimal
-Nazis issued handbook on how to identify these ‘degenerate’ types

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7
Q

The Edelweiss Pirates

A

-also known as Roven Dudes
-took part in activities similar to Hitler Youth, went camping and sang songs
-attacked members of the Hitler youth + members of authorities
-resisted Nazi control of their lives
-war progressed = activities more of a concern
-12 publicly hanged in November 1944

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8
Q

The Kreisau Circle

A

-led by Helmuth Von Moltke
-became one of leading anti nazi groups
-opposition was mainly theoretical (planning for a post nazi regime)

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9
Q

The Freiburg Circle

A

-led by the historian Gerald Ritter
-strongly nationalistic
-prepared to bring down Hitler but not willing to contribute to Nazis defeat in the war
-Ritter imprisoned but survived

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10
Q

The army bomb plot 1944

A

Leasing members of the army tried to assassinate Hitler by planting a bomb in a meeting room

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11
Q

Solf circle

A

-set up in 1936 by Hanna Solf who was an anti-nazi
-some members linked to army bomb plot
-met to discuss war and relief for Jews and political enemies of the regime
-74 arrests made
-some sent to concentration camps and some were sentenced to death

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12
Q

Protestants

A

-1934
-confessional Church set up as it refused to be a part of the official Reich Church
-sought to defend Protestant Church from state interference and the ‘false’ ideology of German Christians

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13
Q

SPD

A

-banned and many leaders forced into exile in 1933
-went ‘underground’ and formed a resistance group called Roter Strossup (Red Strike Groups)
-produced fortnightly newspaper highlighting nazi abuse of power ad calling on workers for uprising and overthrow the regime
-another group = ‘New Beginnings’ 1930s but continuous pressure from the Gestapo want it was largely ineffective

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14
Q

KPD

A

-clampdown after reichstag fire = many fled or arrested
-more than 30,000 continued underground resistance
-published millions of anti-nazi leaflets between 1933 and 1935

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15
Q

Workers

A

-organised resistance campaigns Such as strikes
-motivated by deteriorating working conditions r rising food prices rather than against the nazi regime
-workers were arrested and sent to concentration camps
-1939, factory worker George Elser planted bomb in Munich beer hall where fuhrer was scheduled to speak. Timing was perfect but speech ended several minutes and left stage by the time the bomb detonated

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16
Q

Examples of where opposition became stronger during the war years

A

-army bomb plot aimed to blow up Hitler in 1944
-Red Army was involved in espionage, sending information to the USSR
-Dietrich Boenhoffer, Protestant Minister, had connections with illegal groups opposing Hitler

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17
Q

How did repression become more severe in war years?

A

-leaders of Red Orchestra were captured and executed
-nearly 5,000 people were rounded up and executed after the army bomb plot in 1944
-Boenhoffer was captured, imprisoned and executed

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18
Q

The impact of war on opposition

A

-most serious threat came from the elite
-1942= clear that Germany was not winning the war
-military defeats led some elements of the army to resist the regime

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19
Q

When were political parties banned?

A

July 1933

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20
Q

When were the trade unions natzified?

A

May 1933

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21
Q

What is meant by denunciations?

A

Snitching

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22
Q

What 3 points summarise why opposition failed?

A
  1. Weight of the terror state (ordinary people denunciating)
  2. Religious groups which didn’t do much to keep Christian morality alive
  3. Propaganda (mixed strategies)
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23
Q

Why was opposition hard to coordinate and carry out?

A

-opposition groups lack resources
-government control over all aspect of the media
-no independent trade unions/organisations to rally opponents
-nazi policies were popular e.g foreign policy success

24
Q

What is a psephology?

A

Study of elections

25
Q

In what years were the nazi party the most popular political party?

A

1928 = 2.8% of vote -1932 = 37.3% of vote

26
Q

Who supported the Nazis?

A

-Protestants rather than catholics (their vote was twice as high)
-rural areas as they experienced depression earlier and propaganda did not target them
-upper middle class
-small businesses
-1930s women
-youth as they projected themselves as a youthful and dynamic party

27
Q

Who was less likely to support the nazis?

A

-catholics
-unemployed (twice as likely to vote communist than Nazi)
-big businesses

28
Q

How did class influence support and what divisions were there?

A

-middle class support the most due to the hyperinflation crisis in 1923 and Great Depression (nazis offered jobs)
-less support from working class as their living standards were lower

29
Q

How would urban/rural areas influence support? What divisions were there?

A

-strong support in rural areas
-support for hitler greater in towns rather than large cities where SPD and KPD focused their efforts
-didn’t win support of unemployed and were 2x as likely to vote communist than Nazi

30
Q

How did women influence support? What divisions were there?

A

-nazi policies designed to exclude women from workplace as it was assumed that they were naturally suited to nurturing children
-supported nazis in early 1930s as didn’t want to support left wing parties

31
Q

How did age influence support and what divisions were there?

A

-open to nazism as they experienced it in school
-idolised older brothers as soldiers
-attracted to nazi vow to restore German honour
-successful in picking up elderly and pensioners

32
Q

Reasons for support of the Nazis in the 1930s

A

-fear from the secret police
-people genuinely support
-economic achievements persuaded people that the nazis were worth at least passive support
-popular foreign policy decisions (Germany withdrew from League of Nations in October 1933)
-long standing prejudice against minorities

33
Q

Reasons for continued support and its extent

A

-Patriotism : many Germans willing to make great sacrifices in order to defend German territory
-Propaganda : Goebbel’s propaganda stressed barbaric nature of the Russian Red Army. Stories about rape and red army brutality were published in German press. Germans supported war effort to try and stave off Russian invasion
-Hope : nazis circulated stories about new secret weapons that would lead to German victory. Film footage of V1 and V2 bombs were used to inspire some Germans to believe that war could still be won

34
Q

how did the nazis stay strong?

A

-faith in Fuhrer
-seemed disloyal to rebel, army remained loyal
-poorly armed teenagers sacrificed lives to defend Berlin against Russian tanks to end

35
Q

How was nazi power weakening?

A

-1943 = discontent growing
-worker dissatisfaction was evident
-women did not comply with requirement to work
-church attendance rose

36
Q

What were the different methods of instilling fear?

A

-death penalty
-concentration camps
-laws being passed
-fear of arrest, informers = double life for Germans

37
Q

Forms of repression

A

Beatings, prison, intimidation, concentration camps, execution

38
Q

The Gestapo

A

-40,000 agents in 1939, by the end of the war 150,000 informants, agents and personnel
-duties included finding political dissidents, recruiting informers and arresting and interrogating suspects
-Gestapo agents could not be prosecuted as they were above the law

But

-only 28 officials for entire region
-peak of Gestapo had 40,000 members

39
Q

Who was the SS led by?

A

Heinrich Himmler

40
Q

The SS

A

-took control of all police force forces from 1936
-carried out racial policies including running concentration camps
-over 250,000 by 1936

41
Q

The People’s Court

A

-set up in Berlin 1934
-court specifically to try people for political crimes
-trails not public and no right of appeal

42
Q

Block Wardens

A

-Nazi party officials who ran a region dow to apartment block
-watching for the smallest infringement of Nazi rules
-difficult for people to be honest with feelings for fear that views may be reported

43
Q

Concentration camps

A

-set up in 1933 mainly to deal with left wing opponents
-mainly short term prison camps
-camp system hugely expanded and their function changed in the war. Forced labour and death camps set up

44
Q

How many people were put into concentration camps between 1933-1945 and how many lost their lives?

A

2.3 million put in camps and 1.7 million lost their lives

45
Q

How did the Gestapo function?

A

-system is manipulated
-couldn’t function well with few numbers
-allowed to arrest people on suspicion that they were doing something wrong
-at its peak had 30,000 officers for the whole country

46
Q

How did the Nazis rule by fear?

A

-flogging of inmates at concentration camps: 25 strokes
-The Law for Malicious Gossip : clamp down on any expressions of dissent, e.g telling anti-nazi jokes
-focused on smaller groups of people

47
Q

Who was Josef Goebbels?

A

In charge of propaganda, wanted an active not passive role so people are not neutral but in support of the nazis

48
Q

What were the 4 aims of Nazi propaganda?

A

-spread key ideas (anti-semitism, anti-communism)
-promote loyalty and unity
-celebrate regime success (job creation)
-cultivate the hitler myth

49
Q

What is the hitler myth?

A

The way hitler is presented by the regime

50
Q

What was the importance of the Hitler Myth?

A

Allowed ordinary Germans to feel loyalty to and respect for hitler and therefore increase support for the regime

51
Q

How was hitler portrayed in the Hitler myth?

A

-a man of super-human ability who sacrificed himself for the country
-Goebbels portrayed him as the embodiment of all that was god about the Nazi government
-leader above politics
-representative of whole nation

52
Q

What were the techniques used in the Hitler myth?

A

-films use emotion and entertainment
-Goebbels technique was to produce accessible and popular films with a subtle nazi message
-reduce film imports so nazis ad greater control over what was shown

53
Q

By 1939, what % of people had a ‘people’s receiver’ a short wave radio?

A

70%

54
Q

Example where films are shown as important

A

Of 1,907 films made in Germany under the nazis, 1/6 contained an obvious political message

55
Q

By 1935, what was the estimate of how many people had heard Hitler’s speeches?

A

56 million

56
Q

How did propaganda work during the war?

A

-early on it was easy to celebrate military success
-slide shows, posters, talks were held in huge numbers
-challenge for Goebbels became greater as Germany began to lose the war

57
Q

Continued support for the regime

A

-many Germans willing to make sacrifices to defend German territory
-Nazis circulated stories about new secret weapons that would lead to a German victory. Film footage of V1 and V2 bombs was used to inspire Germans that the war could still be won

History-Germany (12 decks)

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