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Infectious Disease > Opportunistic Infections with AIDS > Flashcards

Opportunistic Infections with AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

Most Opportunistic Infections and Complications of HIV develop when the CD4 count drops below what?

A

200

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2
Q

Whats the most common opportunisitc infeciton with AIDS?>

Signs and Symtpoms>
4

A

Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP)

  1. Fever
  2. Cough
  3. Shortness of breath
  4. Hypoxia (could be severe, with PO2
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3
Q

What diagnostic testing would we do for PCP in HIV pts?

4

A
  1. Chest xray is cornerstone of diagnosis
  2. Wright-Giemsa stain or direct fluorescence antibody (DNA) test on induced sputum.
  3. Bronchoalveolar lavage
  4. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
    Occurs in 95% of cases
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4
Q

WHat would we see on the chest XRAY with PCP?

Elevated LDH happens in what percent of PCP cases in HIV pts?

A

Diffuse or perihilar infiltrates

95%

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5
Q

Risk factors in HIV pts for PCP? 2

Prophylaxis treatment?

How should we continue treatment? 2

Complication with PCP?
(especially in what demogrpahics? 2)

A

Risk: CD4 250.

Complications:
Pneumothorax, especially with hx of PCP and treatment with aerozolized pentamidine.

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6
Q

Mycobacterium Avian Complex (MAC) has two types that present in HIV pts. What are they?

Which one do we want to rule out first if they are symtpomatic?

HOw do we diagnose it?

Signs and symptoms:

A

Pulmonary or disseminated

Disseminated

Blood cultures will be positive if disseminated

Spiking fevers
Night sweats
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Wasting
Anemia and neutropenia
Meningeal signs
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7
Q

Risk factors for MAC?

When should we intiated prohylatic treatment?

When mwould we stop prophylatic treatment?

What does it offer protection against and what drugs would we use?

A

CD4 is below 50

Should be initiated with a CD4

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of Kaposi sarcoma?

A
  1. Classic K.S.-middle aged men of Mediterranean descent
  2. African endemic K.S. (AIDS)
  3. K,S, in iatrogenically immunosupressed pts
  4. AIDS related K.S.
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9
Q

What do they look like?
Karposi?
5

A 
Purplish
NONBLANCHING
May be papular or nodular
Appear more brown in dark skinned people
Are NOT painful
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10
Q

When do Kaposi sarcomas become life threatening?

A

Dermatological Kaposi’s is not life threatening.
May progress to visceral disease in about 40% of patients with dermatologic Kaposi’s sarcoma, thus becoming life-threatening.

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11
Q

KS of intestinal tract will present how?
3

KS of the Lymph System
will present how?

KS of the lungs will present how?
6

A

abdominal pain
diarrhea
intestinal obstruction

swelling in the legs or arms

cough 
chest pain 
shortness of breath 
difficulty breathing 
extremity swelling 
pulmonary blockage
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12
Q

Lesions that involve large areas of the skin or internal organs, treatment is recommended. Those treatments include:
Skin Lesions?
4

Advanced cases where KS has affected internal organs, several treatments have proven effective in shrinking the lesion. What is the most common?

A

Topical medications
Surgical removal
Freezing with liquid nitrogen
chemotherapy drugs

Chemotherapy
(high risk to it though and heavy side effects)

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13
Q

What is DaunoXome?

HOw is it different from chemotherapy drugs?

A

Liposomal Drugs

These drugs are encased in microscopic fat bubbles which seem to lessen the adverse side effects.

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14
Q

Most common life-threatening fungal infection in AIDS?

Signs and Symptoms?

How do we diagnose it?

Treatment?

Prophylaxis treatment?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

meningitis/subtle symptoms
Fever
Headache
Malaise

Diagnosis
Latex agglutination serum/CFS testing for antigen (CRAG)

Treatment:
Amphoericin B (Fungizone, Amphocin)
Prophylaxis:
Fluconazole (Diflucan)

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15
Q

Diarrheal disease in HIV pts caused by what?

What allows this infection to survive outside the body for extended periods
Makes it very resistant to chlorine-based disinfectants?

Whats its most common symptom?
Other symptoms?

What part of the body is most commonly infected?

A

microscopic parasite Cryptosporidium

Protected by an outer shell

Generally only affects immunocompromised patients

watery diarrhea

Stomach cramps, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, fever, and weight loss

small intestone

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16
Q

Cryptosporidiosis (AKA-”Crypto”) infected patients with CD-4

A

May be fatal!
HIV patients with CD-4 > 200: 2-4 weeks, however, may remain in carrier state and give to others or infect self if
CD-4 count drops

17
Q

How is crypto transmitted?

How do we diagnose it?

A

fecal oral route

Stool specimens for cryptosporidium
Specifically ask for the test (not done on routine O&P on stools)
Acid fast staining, direct fluorescent antibody [DFA], or enzyme immunoassays

18
Q

Treatment for crypto?

A

Treatment: There is NO APPROVED TREATMENT for HIV+ patients. If CD-4 count can be improved; they may have remission, but no cure

19
Q

Most common retinal infection in AIDS patients?

A

Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV)

20
Q

Signs of CMV?

Symptoms of CMV?

A

Signs

  1. Perivascular hemorrhages
  2. White fluffy exudates

Symptoms

  1. Usually a painless loss of vision, often unilateral
  2. Blurred vision
  3. Floaters
21
Q

Cytomegalovirus retinitis treatment?

Alternative?

A

Ganciclovir (Cytovene) given in 2 phases: Induction and Maintenance, due to high relapse rates.

Alternative is foscarnet (Foscavir): less likely to cause neutropenia, but has many other possible adverse effects.

22
Q

How does hepatic disease present in HIV pts?

What could be low level hepatic disease may be a cause for persistant what?

A

Often subclinical but is many times co-infected with Hep C and B

Nausea and vomiting

23
Q

How does biliary disease manifest in HIV pts?

A

Acalculous cholecystitis with sclerosing cholangitis

24
Q

What is an AIDS defining illness of the GI tract?

Occurs in individuals with CD4 counts of less than what?

A

Esophageal Candidiasis

100

25
Q

Signs and symptoms of Esophageal Candidiasis

A 
Odynophagia  (What is this?) - pain
Dysphasia (and what is this?)- trouble
Weight loss is common
Possible N/V
Often concomitant thrush
Fever is NOT common
26
Q

A presumptive diagnosis of esophageal candidiasis can usually be made with a recent onset of what?

Especially in the present of what?

What would endoscopy reveal?
2

A

dysphagia

especially in the presence of thrush, and empiric anti fungal therapy may be started.

  1. Classic diffuse raised plaques that characteristically can be removed from the mucosa by the endoscope.
  2. Brushing or biopsy of the plaques shows hyphae that are characteristic of Candida species.
  3. diffuse raised plaques
  4. hyphae
27
Q

Treatment of esophageal candidiasis
1

Alternative
2

A
  1. Fluconazole 200 mg as an initial dose, then 100 mg by mouth once daily for 14 days. Intravenous therapy can be given if the patient is unable to swallow pills.
  2. Alternative (less effective) treatments include itraconazole capsules 200 mg once daily or ketoconazole 200 mg once daily for 14 days.
28
Q

Whats the window period for HIV time between infection and detectable HIV antibodies?

A

25

29
Q

What will increase first: the antibody titer or HIV RNA levels?

A

HIV RNA will increase before the detectable antibody titer. At peak amounts of HIV RNA the antibody titer starts to rise

30
Q

After infection when would you test positive for HIV?

A

5 days to a week

After that you may be able to detect RNA and not antibody until the 3rd week

31
Q

What is the eclipse phase and when does it occur?

A

The time between infection and detectable HIV RNA

-0-10 days

32
Q

What is the acute illness phase?

What is happening in HIV RNA and Antibody titer?

A

Symptomatic disease often precedes positive antibody test

HIV RNA is at peak levels and antibody titer is rising

Infectious Disease (29 decks)

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