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Infectious Disease > HIV Disease: Diagnosis and Management > Flashcards

HIV Disease: Diagnosis and Management Flashcards

1
Q

HIV modes of transmission similar to what disease?

What three modes?

A

Hepatitis B

  1. Sexual,
  2. parenteral, and
  3. vertical (perinatal)
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2
Q

What are the bodily fluids that HIV is transmitted through?

4

A

Blood products
Semen
Vaginal fluids
Breast Milk

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3
Q

What are the ways that HIV can be transmitted through sex?

A
  1. Intercourse (penile penetration into the vagina)
  2. Oral
  3. Anal
  4. Digital Sex
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4
Q

When can a mother spread HIV during pregnancy?

3

A

Before Birth
During Birth
Postpartum
(breast feeding)

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5
Q

What has a higher risk of infection with HIV: insertive or receptive?

A

receptive

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6
Q

Stage 1 Primary: when will symtpoms occur and what will they be like?
2

Are they infectious at this point?

A
  1. Short, flu-like illness occurs one to six weeks after infection
  2. could be no symtpoms at all

Yes

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7
Q

Stage 2:
Lasts for how long?

What are symtpoms like? 2

What are the HIV levels in the blood like?

What about HIV antibody levels?

A

Asymptomatic

  1. Lasts for an average of ten years
  2. stage is free from symptoms, may be swollen glands
  3. The level of HIV in the blood drops to very low levels
  4. HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
    HIV ANTIGENS TOO
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8
Q

Stage 3:
What are symptoms like?
What happens to the immune system?

What emerges at this stage?
2

A

Symptomatic

  1. The symptoms are mild
  2. The immune system deteriorates
  3. emergence of opportunistic infections and cancers
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9
Q

What kind of virus is HIV?

What is the mechanism of action?
4

A

retrovirus (RNA creates DNA instead of DNA creating RNA)

  1. Reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome into double stranded DNA occurs
  2. imported into cell nucleus and integrated into cellular DNA
  3. rapid viral replication!
  4. CD4 cells drop, CD8 tells kill all the HIV infected cells
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10
Q

WHat cells does HIV target?

3

A

affects

  1. CD4-Helper T cells!
  2. macrophages and
  3. dendritic cells (B cells)
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11
Q

Infections that are thought to early defining diseaase in the diagnosis of AIDS?
4

A
  1. Slim disease
  2. Esophagel candidiasis
  3. Aggressive Kaposi’s sarcoma
  4. Crypotococcal meningitis
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12
Q

What country has the largest infection rate of HIV?

What country has the fastest spreading HIV?

A

Spreading fastest in Asia

Largest infection rate is in Africa

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13
Q

Whats HAART?

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy

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14
Q

Following infection what happens to the T cells?

So what kind of defect is the most important in understanding the pathology of HIV?

A

they become nonfunctional

There is a qualitative defect in T-cells which overshadows the simple quantitative defect

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15
Q

Clinically, the syndromes of HIV are from one of 3 mechanisms. What are they?
3

A
  1. Immunodeficiency
  2. Autoimmunity
  3. Allergy/Hypersensitivity reaction
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16
Q

What syndromes do we see do to immunodeficiency in HIV? 3

A
  1. Spectrum of infections and neoplasms
  2. Very low incidence of certain infections seen in other causes of immudeficiency (listeriosis and aspergillosis)
  3. Higher incidence of other infections (Kaposi’s sarcoma)
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17
Q

What syndromes do we see due to autoimmunity in HIV?

2

A
  1. Lymphocytic infiltrate infiltrate of organs (lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis)
  2. Autoantibody production (immunologic thrombocytopenia)
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18
Q

What syndromes do we see due to Allergy/Hypersensitivity reactions in HIV?
2

A
  1. Higher rates of allergic reactions to unknown allergens (eosinophilic pustular folliculitis)
  2. Increased rates of hypersensitivity to medications
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19
Q

HIV disease is a continuum, but will be crudely broken down into four phases:

A

Primary HIV Infection
Asymptomatic Infection
Symptomatic Infection
AIDS

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20
Q

Length and severity of each phase is dependant on what?

Therapies?
2

A

on host and virus

  1. Use of antiretroviral therapy
  2. Use of chemoprophylaxis for opportunistic infections
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21
Q 
How long is each phase of HIV:
Primary?
Asymptomatic?
Symptomatic?
AIDS?
A

3-14 days
4-8 years
4-8 years
2-20 years

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22
Q

Primary infection is brief, mononucleosis type of illness.
What are its symptoms?
12

A 
Fever
Sweats
Lethargy
Malaise
Myalgias
Arthralgias
Headaches
Photophobia
Diarrhea
Sore throat
Lymphadenopathy
Truncal maculopapular rash
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23
Q

Onset of primary infection of HIV?

How long does it last?

What percent of pts have symtpoms of the primary infection?

A

Sudden onset

Lasts 3-14 days

50%

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24
Q

Most common neuro symptoms in primary HIV?

2

A

are headache and photophobia

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25
Q

Most commonly seen symptom in ALL HIV+ patients is what?

A

generalized lymphadenopathy

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26
Q

What is the longest of the four phases of HIV?

Whats the most variable of the four phases?

A

Asymptomatic Phase

secondary phase

27
Q

In secondary HIV how do we test if they have HIV?
2
WHy is this?

Whats dangerous about this stage?

Where is the virus replicating the most in your body?

A
  1. Lack of overt evidence of HIV disease
  2. Only evidence is sero-positivity
    - The virus is in the cells hiding. Can’t detect it

Patients can easily spread the disease without their knowledge

GI tract

28
Q

How will HIV be spread before birth?
During?
After?

A

rupture/tear in placenta
placental tear and blood
Breast feeding

29
Q

What stage do you have the highest risk of infection?

A

primary stage

30
Q

Symptomatic Seropositivity Onset ushers in first physical evidence of what?

What is the main symptom we will see?

A

immune dysfuntion

Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

31
Q

What kind of fungal in symptomatic HIV?

5

A

Localized fungal infections

  1. Toes
  2. fingernails, and
  3. mouth
  4. Women with recalcitrant vaginal candidiasis or
  5. trichomonal infections
32
Q

What is one of the most commonly missed signs of HIV but is very prevalent?

A

Oral hairy leukoplakia

33
Q

Cutaneous manifestations of symptomatic HIV are?
6

Generalized/systemic symtpoms?
3

A
  1. widespread warts,
  2. molluscum,
  3. psoriasis, and
  4. seborrheic dermatitis,
  5. multidermatonal zoster (usually only is one)
  6. herpes simplex
  7. nights sweats
  8. weight loss
  9. diarrhea
34
Q

Physical examination findings for AIDS pts are?

Bottom line: Any “AIDS defining illness” regardless of CD4 count AND other opportunistic infections is when the CD4 count is what?

Its is generally best to look at what for diagnosis?

A

normal (non-specific)

CD4 count is less than 500
AND opportunistic infection

Generally best to look at effects on systems

35
Q

Systemic symtpoms of AIDS?3

Persistent fever without focal signs requires work-up?3

Weight loss is due to what?

Increased metabolic rate due to what?

What do we use to treat weight loss?2
Nausea?1

A

Fever, night sweats, and weight loss

Blood cultures
Chest X-Ray
Sinus imaging

generally muscle mass loss

the virus compounds the problem

Growth hormone and anabolic steroids are used to try to get weight back and marijuana is used for nausea (or Rx dronabinol)

36
Q

What is the most common opportunistic infection seen in AIDS?

What is the most common cause of pulmonary disease in the HIV infected patient?
-From what?3

4% of pts get what pulmonary disease?
URI?

Non-infectious causes of lung disease?3

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia

CAP
-Bacterial, mycobacterial and viral

TB
chronic and acute sinusitis

Kaposi’s, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, interstitial pneumonitis

37
Q

Most common space occupying lesion in HIV?

Symtpoms? 4

Diagnosis? 2

A

Toxoplasmosis

  1. Headache,
  2. focal neuro deficits,
  3. seizures,
  4. altered mental status

Diagnosis by CT or MRI

38
Q

Second most common space occupying lesion in HIV?

What imaging should we do to diagnose? 2

A

CNS Lymphoma

Imaging may be able to differentiate
May need brain biopsy

39
Q

What is a diagnosis of exclusion based on brain imaging and CSF evaluation with symtpoms of cognitive skills and dimished motor speed for HIV pts?

A

AIDS Dementia Complex

40
Q

How would we diagnose cryptococcal meningitis in HIV pts?

2

A
  1. Fever and headache with less than 20% having meningismus

2. positive latex agglutination of CSF and serum

41
Q

Diagnosis of Leg weakness and incontinence due to spinal cord impairment
in HIV pts?

What will be seen on physical exam? 2

It is a diagnosis of exclusion so what should be ordered?
2

A

HIV myelopathy

Spastic paresis and ataxia

LP and MRI

42
Q

Viral infection of the white matter of the brain in HIV pts?

Three symptoms of this diagnosis?
3

A

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)

  1. Aphasia,
  2. hemiparesis, and
  3. cortical blindness
43
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

diseases in AIDS?

A
  1. Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
    Similar to Guillian-Barre’
  2. Transverse myelitis due to herpes zoster or CMV
  3. Peripheral neuropathy common in many HIV patients
  4. CMV can cause an ascending polyradiculopathy
44
Q

What can peripherial neuropthy be caused by in AIDS?

2

A

From the disease itself or

May be drug induced due to some HAART drugs

45
Q

CMV can cause an ascending polyradiculopathy. What is this?

2

A
  1. Lower extremity weakness

2. Neutrophilic ploeocytosis in CSF with negative bacterial cultures

46
Q

Rheumatologic Manifestations
of AIDS?
3

A

Arthritis
Several inflammatory syndromes
Avascular necrosis of femoral head

47
Q

What the most common joints that experience arthritis in AIDS?

A

Large joints

48
Q

Several inflammatory syndromes that have been reported with AIDS?
4

A

Reiter’s syndrome
Psoriatic arthritis
SICCA syndrome
Systemic lupus erythmatosis

49
Q

Complaints of what must be evaluated immediately in a HIV+ patient?

Why?
Why must it be attended to right away?

A

visual changes

CMV retinitis
rapidly progressing

50
Q

What are the signs of CMV retinitis?

3

A

Perivascular hemorrhages and white fluffy exudates

owl eye

51
Q

What else is common of the eye?

3

A

Herpes infection is also common

Toxoplasmosis is frequently recurrent

52
Q

What is a very common GI issue with HIV?

What may it be directly due to?

How will the pt present?
2

How do we diagnose it?
2

If repeat stool studies are negaitve what is indicated?

If symptoms for > 1 month and no identifiable cause, presumptive for what?

A

Enterocolitis

HIV macrophage infection

May present with high fever and severe abdominal pain

Need repeat stool cultures and stool for ova and parasites

endoscopy

AIDS enteropathy

53
Q

Secondary causes include what?

3

A
  1. bacteria
  2. viruses
  3. potozoans

Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, CMV, adenovirus, Crytptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia, Isopora, Microsporidia

54
Q

Skin Manifestations
of AIDS?
3

A

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection
Herpes Zoster
Molluscum contagiosum

55
Q

How will HSV infection differ in HIV pts than normal pts?

HIV pts will be at a higher risk for what with HSV?
treat the same for herpes zoster

A

Occur more frequently and tend to be more severe

Due to risk of dissemination; ALL must be treated with oral medications

56
Q

Molluscum contagiosum tends to spread how?

How should we treat it?

A

Tend to spread widely, but not disseminate

Treat with liquid nitrogen

57
Q

what is the most common bacterial cause of skin infections in HIV+ patients?

What should we always assume about staph infections in HIV pts?

A

Staph

ALWAYS assume it is methicillin-resistant Staph (MRSA) and treat accordingly

58
Q

What is a Zoonotic infection from fleas of domesticated cats

Raised, red, highly vascular lesions that can mimic Kaposi’s?

A

Bacillary angiomatosis

Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana

59
Q

What are common symptoms of Bacillary angiomatosis?

4

A

Fever is common with bone, lymph node, and liver involvement

60
Q

Where will kaposi’s sarcoma appear in an HIV pts?

What places should we examine for these?
5

A

Lesions may appear ANYWHERE

Careful examination of the eyelids, 
conjunctiva, 
pinnae, 
palate, and 
toe webs
61
Q

What other kind of malignancy is common in AIDS pts?

Where does it originate from and what kind of tumor is it?

Depending on the advancement of disease and CD-4 count; prognosis with this tumor may be what?

A

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Usually of B-cell origin and are large cell tumors
(most are extranodal)

Only for a few months survival

62
Q

Whats the most common GYN symtpom of AIDS?

What is present in about 40% of women that requires a pap smear every 6 motnhs?

A

Recurrent vaginal candidias

Cervical dysplasia

63
Q

What is much more aggressive in HIV pts and they are more apt to die from cervical cancer than HIV?

What other GYN disease is common in HIV pts?

A 
cervical neoplasia
(was so common it was added to the definition of AIDS by CDC)

PID

Infectious Disease (29 decks)

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