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Community Acquired Pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

The Pathogenesis of Pneumonia?

A

inflammation of parenchymal structures of the lung in the lower respiratory tract (alveoli and bronchioles)

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2
Q

How to classify Community Acquired pneumonia?
(how it occurred)2

How to classify Nsocomial pneumonia?
3

A
  1. Pneumonia occurred outside of the hospital or within 48 hours of hospital admission.
  2. In a person who has not resided in a nursing home or hospital in the prior 2 weeks.
  3. Hospital acquired
  4. Ventilator associated
  5. Health care associated

Both are still most commonly ccause by strep pneumo

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3
Q

Classification is further based on etiologic agents
Typical? (where is the infection and the type of bug)
Atypical? (where is the infection and the type of bug 2)3

A
  1. Caused by bacteria that multiply IN the alveoli
  3. Caused by infectious agents that multiply in the spaces BEWTEEN the alveoli (septum and interstitum)
  4. Viral infections
  5. Mycoplasm
    (lack a cell wall around their cell membrane)
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4
Q

How is the bacteria able to infect the host?

A

Defect in the usual respiratory defense mechanisms

–Cough, cilia, immune response

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5
Q

Which type has a quick onset and more trouble with gas exchange/breathing?

A

CAP

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6
Q

CAP risk factors?

10

A 
Advanced age
Alcoholism
Tobacco use
COPD
Asthma
Immunosuppression
Underweight
Regular contact with children
Frequent visits to a health care provider
Gastric acid suppressive therapy (bacteria that would have been normally killed by the acid)
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7
Q

Most common bacterial etiologies of CAP?

10

A 
Strep pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Staph aureus
Neisseria meningitidis
M catarrhalis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Gram negative rods
Legionella
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8
Q

Viral causes of pneumonia?

5

A 
Influenza A & B
Rhinovirus 
Respiratory syncytial virus
Adenovirus
Parainfluenza virus
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9
Q

Etiology based on pt symptom severity. Outpatient most common bugs?
4

A

S. pneumoniae
M. pneumoniae
C. pneumoniae
Respiratory viruses

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10
Q

Etiology based on pt symptom severity. Hospital Non-ICU most common bugs?
6

A 
S. pneumoniae
M. pneumoniae
C. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Legionella
Respiratory viruses
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11
Q

Etiology based on pt symptom severity. Inpatient ICU most common bugs?
6

A 
S. pneumoniae
Legionella
H. influenza
Enterobacteriaceae
Staph aureus
Pseudomonas
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12
Q

If pneumonia is insidious onset with a possibility of immunocompromise what infection should we consider?

A

fungal

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13
Q

Factors that may suggest Legionella? 7

A
  1. recent travel
  2. High fever (>104)
  3. Male
  4. Multilobar involvement
  5. GI symptoms (watery diarrhea)*** only one
  6. Neurologic involvement
  7. Diffuse parenchymal involvement on xray
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14
Q

What time frame and situations where travel could be the cause of Legionella?

A

Within 2 weeks

Hotel stays or cruise ships

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15
Q

Most common etiology that

May have rust colored sputum?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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16
Q

Etiology if pt is

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

walking pneumonia

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17
Q

General Symptoms of Pneumonia

15

A 
Fever
Cough
\+/- sputum production
Dyspnea
Sweats
Chills
Headache
*Rigors (involuntray muscle constraction)
*Pleuritic chest pain
*Pleurisy
*Hemoptysis
Fatigue
Myalgias
Anorexia
Abdominal pain
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18
Q

General Signs of Pneumonia?

9

A 
Appear acutely ill
Fever
May have hypothermia (elderly)****
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Decreased SpO2
Rales/Crackles (inspiratory)
Bronchial breath sounds
Dullness to percussion
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19
Q

What is different about the presentaton in the elderly?

5

A
  1. More likely to have subtle symptoms
  2. Weakness
  3. Decline in functional status
  4. Confusion or change in mental status
  5. Tachypnea is common
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20
Q

Out patient diagnostic tests

4

A

CXR +/-
Urinary antigen testing +/-
CBC +/-
BMP +/-

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21
Q

Inpatient diagnostic tests?

11

A
  1. Chest x-ray
  2. Sputum gram stain
  3. Urinary antigen testing
    - -S. pneumonia*
    - -Legionella**
  4. Rapid antigen test for influenza
  5. Prior to initiation of antibiotic therapy
  6. Sputum culture
  7. Blood culture (2 sets)
  8. CBC with differential
  9. CMP
  10. Arterial blood gases for hypoxic patients
  11. Consider HIV testing in all adult patients
22
Q

When would we order an S. pneumonia urinary antigen test?

6

A

order if

  1. leukopenia,
  2. asplenia,
  3. active ETOH use,
  4. chronic severe liver disease,
  5. pleural effusion,
  6. ICU admission
23
Q

When would we order a Legionela urinary antigen test?

4

A

order if

  1. active ETOH use,
  2. travel within the last 2 weeks,
  3. pleural effusion,
  4. ICU admission
24
Q

What kind of XRays should we order? 2

What would be our findings on a chest Xray?
5

HOw do chest Xrays help us? 2

How long could it take to clear?

A

Always order a PA and Lateral Xray if possible

  1. patchy opacities,
  2. lobar consolidation with air bronchograms,
  3. diffuse alveolar or
    interstitial opacities,
  4. pleural effusions,
  5. cavitation

Helpful to assess severity
Assess response to therapy

May take 6 weeks to completely clear

25
If pleural effusion is present what should we consider? Diagnostic evaluation of pleural fluid includes what? 7
thoracentesis ``` Glucose, LDH total protein leukocyte count pH gram stain culture ```
26
If cavitary opacities are seen what should we order? We probably need to obtain samples from what?
Order fungal tests on the sputum and test for mycobacterium bronchoscopy
27
First thing we need to decide when treating pneumonia?
First determine if the patient warrants hospital admission or if it is safe to treat as an outpatient
28
Should we hospitalize a pt? 5 We hospitalize if they have how many?
``` C Confusion U BUN > 19 mg/dl R RR > 30 min B BP 1 The higher the number of points the higher the mortality ```
29
Whats the sensitivity of the CURB-65? What is the CURB-65 really good at predicting? What test is more sensitive for needing intensive respiratory support?
Sensitivity of 39% for identification of those needing intensive respiratory support 30 day mortality 0-1 = 0.7-2.1% 2 = 9.2% ≥3 = 15-40% Pneumonia Severity Index 74% sensitivity for prediction
30
Empiric antibiotic treatment for Not hospitalized No-Comorbidities? 3
Azithromycin Or Clarithromycin Or Doxycycline
31
Empiric antibiotic treatment Not hospitalized + Comorbidities? 3
Respiratory FQ Or Azithromycin or Clarithromycin + high dose Amox or high dose Amox-CL or cefdinir, cefpodoxime, cefprozil
32
Empiric antibiotic treatment Hospitalized, Not in the ICU? | 2
Respiratory FQ Or Macrolide + Beta lactam Cefriaxone Rocephin! Ampicillin Cefotaxime (need broader coverage)
33
Empiric antibiotic treatment Hospitalized in the ICU? 2 Unless you are at risk for pseudomonas 2
Respiratory FQ or Azithro + antipseudomonal beta lactam Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ampicillin/sulbactam Antipseudomonal beta lactams: Piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime, imipenem, miropenem + Cipro or levo
34
Confusion can be a sign of what? What is BUN a reading of? BP?
hypoxia or increased CO2 electrolyte distrubance Renal funtion (dehydrated? getting out of bed to take in fluids? If infection is systemic - bad renal function?) sepsis
35
Timing of treatment: Best outcome if antibiotics are started within? Where should the first dose be given?
6 hours of admission ER
36
In which situations is Therapy is subject to change for pneumonia? 5
1. Based on severity of presentation 2. Recent antibiotic use in the last 3 months 3. Post influenza infection (staph) 4. Suspicion of drug resistant organisms in the community 5. After obtaining culture and sensitivity results
37
Minimum duration of therapy for pneumonia? How long must they be afebrile before stopping treatment? Average length for meds other than a Zpack?
Minimum of 5 days Afebrile for 48-72 hrs Average for meds other than Azithro 5-7 days unless severe infection or other sites infected
38
Prevention of pneumonia? | 2
1. Pneumococcal vaccine (against 23 strains of S pneumonia) | 2. Seasonal influenza vaccine
39
ANEROBIC PULMONARY INFECTIONS risk factors? | 11
1. Decreased level of consciousness due to drug or ETOH use 2. Seizures 3. General anesthesia 4. CNS disease 5. Impaired swallowing 6. GERD 7. Hiatal hernia 8. Tracheal tubes 9. Nasogastric tubes 10. Peridontal disease 11. Poor dental hygiene
40
Pathogenesis of anerobic pulmonary infections?
Inhalation of oropharyngeal secretions colonized by pathogenic bacteria --Macroaspiration and chronic microaspiration
41
Which part of the lungs do anerobic pulmonary infections go? Two examples?
Goes to the dependent lung zones Example: --Posterior segments of the upper lobes ---Superior and basilar segments of lower lobes
42
Anerobic lung infections cause what conditions? | 3
Necrotizing pneumonia Lung abscess Empyema
43
Anerobic Pathogens that are causing these lung infections? | 4
Prevotella melaninogenica Peptostreptococcus Fusovacterium nucleatum Bacteroides
44
Symptoms of anerobic lung infections? 4 Onset?
Fever, weight loss, malaise Cough productive of foul smelling sputum Insideous
45
Work up for anerobic infections? 2 What can you not do?
CXR and most likely a CT scan of the chest Cannot do a sputum culture for anerobes due to contamination from oropharyngeal secretions
46
If a sputum sample is needed for anerobic lung infections what do you need to do?
Bronchoscopy or transthoracic/transtracheal aspiration
47
If aspiration is suspected for anerobic lung infections what do you need to do?
a swallowing evaluation is needed
48
Treatment - DOC for anerobic lung infections? | 3
Clindamycin** Or Augmentin Or Amoxicillin or PCN G + metronidazole
49
Describe the duration of treatment for anerobic lung infections? If antibiotic treatment doesnt work what may be required?
Longer courses of therapy are generally needed Continue antibiotics until CXR improves which may be a month or more If lung abscess, continue antibiotics until resolution of abscess May require surgical removal of abscess or empyema
50
Consider anerobic infection if what is present? 4 Aspiration pneumonia is caused by anerobes but probably isnt the number one cause. BUT it does have to be in your dif.
1. lung abscess, 2. empyema, 3. necrotizing pneumonia or 4. significant risk factors like recent LOC due to multiple factors

Infectious Disease (29 decks)

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