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Infectious Disease > Introduction to Antimicrobial Therapy > Flashcards

Introduction to Antimicrobial Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics we want our antibiotics to be?

A

Selective toxicity

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2
Q

How do you determine if antimicrobial therapy is warranted?

A
  1. Is an antimicrobial agent indicated on the basis of clinical findings?
  2. Is it prudent to wait until such clinical findings become apparent?
  3. Have appropriate clinical specimens been obtained to establish a microbiologic diagnosis?
    - urine samples easy
    - sinusitis not so much
  4. What are the likely etiologic agents for the patient’s illness?
  5. What measures should be taken to protect individuals exposed to the index case to prevent secondary cases, and what measures should be implemented to further exposure?
  6. Is there clinical evidence (eg, clinical trials) that antimicrobial therapy will confer clinical benefit for the patient?
  7. Is it indicated
  8. Should we treat now or until we know for sure?
  9. Have we done appropriate cultures/labs?
  10. What are the likely etiologies
  11. How do we protect the individual and others from infection?
  12. Is there evidence that antimorcobial therapy will help (clinical trials)
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3
Q

Once a specific microorganism is identified there are more questions?
5

A
  1. Can a narrower-spectrum agent be substituted for the initial empiric drug?
  2. Is one agent or a combination of agents necessary?
  3. What is the optimal dose, route of administration, and duration of therapy?
  4. What specific tests (i.e. susceptibility testing) should be undertaken to identify patients who will not respond to treatment?
  5. What adjunctive measures can be undertaken to eradicate the infection, (i.e. surgery, drainage of abscess, decreasing immunosuppresive therapy?)
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4
Q

Name some examples of resistant infection spp?

4

A

Imidazole resistant Candida spp

Multidrug resistant TB

Multidrug resistant malaria

Anti-viral resistant influenza

Resistance includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa.

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5
Q

What are two ways that resistance happens with antimicrobial therapy?

A

Spontaneous mutation and conjugation are random events whose incidence is independent of drug use

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6
Q

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

5

A

Enzymatic inactivation

Antibiotic uptake reduction

Increased antibiotic removal

Alteration of bacterial target sites

Plasmid transfer

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7
Q

What are three ways that antibiotic degrading enzymes work?

A

sulfonation, phosphorylation, or esterification

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8
Q

Bacterial enzymes that split the beta-lactam ring of which drugs?
4

How is this usually mediated?

A

penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams

Usually plasmid mediated

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9
Q

Antibiotic resistance due to decreased permeablility occurs frequently in what kind of bacteria?

A

Occur frequently in gram negative bacteria

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10
Q

Antibiotic resistance due to target alteration occurrs how?

A

The binding site on the bacterial cell membrane is altered

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11
Q

Antibiotic resistance due to efflux pumps occur how?

A

Single or multidrug pumps to remove antibiotic from the intracellular space

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12
Q

Describe the MOA of Methicillin resistant staph aureus and why it is so dangerous?

Where is it often colonized

A

It becomes the “normal flora” of carriers

Often colonized in the nasal cavity

Screening and isolation precautions prior to surgical procedures

MRSA waiting for an opportunity to infect the host or others

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13
Q

How do we control the wave of antibiotic resistance?

A

First, antimicrobial agents should be used only when actually needed.
Second, narrow-spectrum agents should be employed whenever possible.
Third, newer antibiotics should be reserved for situations in which older drugs are no longer effective.

  1. Consider the site of infection
  2. When possible try to isolate the bacteria to target therapy
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14
Q

What is the MIC?

A

(Minimum inhibitory concentration)

Lowest concentration of antimicrobial that inhibits growth of bacteria.

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15
Q

What is the breakpoint?

A

The MIC that is used to designate between susceptible and resistant.
- in live hosts not in a lab

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16
Q

How do we determine if a bacterium is susceptible or not?

A

If the MIC is lower than the breakpoint the bacterium is considered susceptible. If it is higher, it is considered resistant.

17
Q

If we find out a bug is not susceptible to the antibiotic we started them on what should we do?

A

When culture and sensitivity results are known change antibiotic if necessary
Consult antibiogram

18
Q

Empiric therapy is based on what?

4

A
  1. the most likely pathogen and
  2. clinical trials proving efficacy
  3. risk factors for microbial resistance
  4. Medical comorbidities
19
Q

If no significant risks for Drug Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae (DRSP)?2

If risks for DRSP?
3

A

Macrolide or doxycycline

Antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone
or
High-dose amoxicillin (3 gm/day) or high dose amoxicillin/clavulanate (4 gm/day) plus macrolide

20
Q

Many antibiotics may be effective, but there usually are superior alternatives that show (what does drug of choice=)?
4

A

Greater efficacy
Lower toxicity
Narrow spectrum
Lower cost

21
Q

Host Factors that Modify Drug Choice?

7

A 
Host Defenses:
Site of Infection
Age
Hepatic or Renal Dysfunction
Pregnancy and Lactation
Previous Allergic Reaction
Genetic Factors
22
Q

Drug levels how many times greater than the MIC are desired?

A

Drug levels four to eight times the MIC are often desirable.

23
Q

Where is the trend going for duration of therapy and why?

A

Longer duration = greater resistance

going for shorter durations of therapy

24
Q

Indications for Antibiotic Combinations?

5

A
  1. Initial therapy of severe infections
  2. Mixed infections
  3. Prevention of resistance
  4. Decreased toxicity
  5. Enhanced antibacterial action
25
Q

Disadvantages of Combination Therapy

5

A
  1. Increased risk of toxic and allergic reactions
  2. Possible antagonism of antimicrobial effects
  3. Increased risk of superinfection
  4. Selection of drug-resistant bacteria
  5. Increased cost
26
Q

Antimicrobial Effects of Antibiotic Combinations
What are the types and describe them?
3

A
  1. Additive - antimicrobial effect of combination is equal to the sum of the effects of the two drugs alone.
  2. Synergistic - one in which the effect of the combination is greater than the sum of the effects of the individual agents.
  3. Antagonistic - a combination of two antibiotics may be less effective than one of the agents
27
Q

Frequency of monitoring is directly proportional to what?

A

severity of the infection

28
Q

Important clinical indicators of successful therapy are?

2

A

reduction of fever and resolution of symptoms.

29
Q

Monitoring therapy for clinical response
What should the clinical response show?
3

A

Clinical response

  • Improvement in lab results
  • Resolution of symptoms
  • Resolution of fever or leukocytosis
30
Q

Patient education points for antibiotics?

4

A
  1. Complete full course of therapy
  2. Do not take antibiotics prescribed for another person
  3. Hand washing
  4. Report failure to respond to therapy
31
Q

Which one of the following factors is associated with the highest likelihood of resistance to antibiotic therapy?

  1. Patient age
  2. Antibiotic use within the last 3-6 months
  3. Location of infection
  4. The presence of a fever
A

Antibiotic use within the last 3-6 months

32
Q

Which one of the following is most likely to lead to patient colonization of drug resistant bacteria?

  1. Exposure to antibiotics after the pathogen is eliminated
  2. Probiotics
  3. Taking an antibiotic they are already resistant to
  4. Use of narrow spectrum antibiotics
A

Taking an antibiotic they are already resistant to

33
Q 
Which of the following choices is recommended for reduction of antimicrobial resistance?
1, Prescribing lower doses of therapy
2. Appropriate duration of therapy
3. Use of a narrow spectrum agent
4. All of the above
5. B & C
A

B & C

Infectious Disease (29 decks)

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