Ophthalmology Flashcards
What is Presbyopia?
eye has reduced ability to focus on near objects because of age
What is hypermetropia?
long sightedness
What is myopia?
short sightedness
Which muscles are innervated by the occulomotor nerve?
Medial rectus
inferior rectus
superior rectus
inferior oblique
Which muscle is innervated by abducent nerve?
Lateral rectus
What muscle is innervated by trochlear nerve?
superior oblique
What is a third nerve palsy?
it is caused by an aneurysm which affect the occulomotor nerve. It causes fixed, mid-dilated pupil and ptosis
What causes a 6th nerve palsy?
Increased intracranial pressure
What are the signs of a 6th nerve palsy?
diplopia, patient sits with head tilted down, failure of eye to abduct on downward gaze
Which direction does the eye move by the superior oblique muscle?
inferomedially (down and in)
Which direction does the eye move by the inferior oblique muscle?
superiomedially (up and in)
What is the cornea?
The clear, transparent part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil and anterior chamber and provides most of the eyes optical power (too flat: hyperopia, too steep: myopia)
What is the function of the anterior chamber?
filled with aqueous humour which fills the space between the back surface of the cornea and the font surface of the vitreous bathing the lens. The function is to nourish the lens, cornea and iris and removing waste products. It also maintains intraocular pressure
How does the pupil become constricted?
It occurs when the pupil size is reduced to constriction of the iris sphincter or relaxation of the iris dilator muscle
What is the triad of Horner’s syndrome?
Miosis, ptosis and enopthalmos
Which eye condition is linked to red desaturation?
Optic neuritis
What is entropion?
in turning of the eyelids
What is ectropion?
out turning of the eyelids
What is the treatment for herpes zoster opthalmicus?
oral aciclovir
What is the most common cause of watery eye in children?
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
What would a pale retina be indicative of?
Central retinal artery occlusion
What is the first line treatment for primary angle open glaucoma?
Prostaglandin analogs such as latanoprost
What is the mechanism of action of prostaglandin analogs?
They increase uveoscleral outflow
What is the ciliary body?
tissue between the choroids and the iris that is involved in intraocular pressure and lens shape
Where are cones found?
the fovea of the macula
What is the macula?
it is the area of acute central vision
What are the outer layers of the eye?
Retina -> choroid ->sclera (outermost)
What produces aqueous humour?
The ciliary body
Where does aqueous humour drain?
The trabecular meshwork situated in the angle between the iris and the cornea into the canal of schlemm
What is normal intraocular pressure?
<21mmHg
What are direct and consensual responses?
light being shone into an eye will cause constriction (direct) as well as constriction of the other eye (consensual)
What does parasympathetic innervation do to the pupil size?
Constriction