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Year 2 > Child Health > Flashcards

Child Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of pyloric stenosis?

A

non-bilious projectile vomiting in the first weeks of life with a palpable stomach (walnut). They have a hypochloraemic, hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis. Vomit right after eating

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2
Q

What is intussusception?

A

when part of the bowel folds in on itself causing obstruction. It is a donut/telescope sign on ultrasound. Has red currant stools and bilious vomiting, colicky pain and diarrhoea

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3
Q

What is Volvulus?

A

Malrotation when part of the bowel is cut off which can lead to ischaemia

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4
Q

What are the features of volvulus?

A

constipated, no bowel sounds, vomiting, bowel pain, distention, no faeces, bilious vomiting

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5
Q

What is biliary atresia?

A

Jaundice over 2 weeks, increased conjugated jaundice

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6
Q

What is duodenal atresia?

A

AXR shows double bubble sign, few hours after birth

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7
Q

What is the autistic triad of impairments?

A

Social communication, social imagination, social interaction

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8
Q

What causes a sand paper rash, red cheeks and strawberry tongue?

A

Scarlet fever

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9
Q

What organism causes scarlet fever?

A

strep pyogenes

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10
Q

What organism is responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

coxsackie or enterovirus

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11
Q

What is egg on side appearance?

A

Transposition of the great arteries

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12
Q

What vitamins should children from 6 months be taking?

A

Vitamin A, C, D

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13
Q

What method would be most suitable for identifying a point mutation?

A

Next generation sequencing

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14
Q

What method is most appropriate for identifying deletions, chromosomal translocations and aneuploidy?

A

aCGH

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15
Q

A single palmar crease is indicative of?

A

Down’s syndrome

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16
Q

What injury can be sustained from a forceps delivery?

A

Facial nerve palsy- it should recover in time

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17
Q

What condition causes a target sign on imagine?

A

Intussusception

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18
Q

Which hormone acts on leydig cells in boys to produce testosterone?

A

LH

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19
Q

Which hormone enhances spermatogenesis in males?

A

FSH

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20
Q

What presents with syncope, chest pain and a systolic thrill felt suprasternally?

A

Aortic stenosis

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21
Q

Which derm condition occurs in children caused by parvovirus B19?

A

Slap cheek

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22
Q

Heel prick is the investigation of choice for?

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

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23
Q

What kind of murmur is associated with tetralogy of fallot?

A

Ejection systolic in the pulmonary area

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24
Q

On the BMI centile chart, which indicates the patient is overweight?

A

91st- overweight
98th- obese
99.6th- severely obese

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25
Q

What mode of inheritance is Duchennes Muscular dystrophy

A

X-linked recessive

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26
Q

What is the treatment of Croup?

A

Oral steroids

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27
Q

What is Caput succedaneum?

A

diffuse swelling of the scalp caused by pressure during labor

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28
Q

What mode of inheritance is Retinoblastoma?

A

Autosomal dominant

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29
Q

When does jaundice become pathological?

A

> day 14

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30
Q

How do you treat pyloric stenosis?

A

pylormyotomy

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31
Q

When does brain development begin after conception?

A

Week 3

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32
Q

What virus causes molluscum contagiosum?

A

Pox virus

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33
Q

What is the most common type of acute scrotal pain?

A

Torsion of the hyatid

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34
Q

What are the features of torsion of the hyatid?

A

Purple/blue lump on the scrotum, extreme pain

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35
Q

What is the average age of puberty in girls and boys?

A

Girls- 11

Boys-11.5

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36
Q

Muscle, bone, cartilage and the vascular system are derived from which germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

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37
Q

What are the 4 features of tetralogy of fallot?

A

ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, pulmonary stenosis and overriding aorta

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38
Q

Which bacteria causes an URTI with sore throat, fever and a white membrane on the tonsils/pharynx/nasal cavity?

A

corynebacterium diptheriae

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39
Q

What is pubertal delay in boys and girls?

A

13 in girls and 14 in boys

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40
Q

Where is skin, nails, hair and neural tissue are derived from which germ layer?

A

ectoderm

41
Q

What is precocious puberty?

A

in boys- 9

in girls- 8

42
Q

The gut and respiratory system are derived from which germ layer?

A

Endoderm

43
Q

When does a child learn head control?

A

6 Weeks

44
Q

When does a baby social smile?

A

6 Weeks

45
Q

When would you expect to see no head lag on pulling to sit?

A

3 months

46
Q

When does a baby regards hands in the middle?

A

3 months

47
Q

When can a baby push up on arms in prone?

A

6 months

48
Q

When can a baby transfer objects from hand to hand?

A

6 months

49
Q

When does a child become anxious around strangers?

A

9 months

50
Q

When can a child stand whilst holding onto furniture?

A

9 months

51
Q

When can a baby babble and imitate sound?

A

9 months

52
Q

When does a baby start walking?

A

12 months

53
Q

When can a baby recongise their own name?

A

12 months

54
Q

When does a baby learn to run?

A

18 months

55
Q

When can a baby builds towers of 3-4 bricks?

A

18 months

56
Q

When can a child start walking up stairs?

A

1 at a time: 2 years

alternating: 3 years

57
Q

When can a child say 2 sentences?

A

2 years

58
Q

When does a child hop?

A

4 years

59
Q

What is asymmetrical tonic neck reflex?

A

also known as the fencing reflex which stops babies from rolling off objects

60
Q

When is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex lost?

A

6-7 months

61
Q

When does a baby get the pincer grasp?

A

12 months

62
Q

How are growth charts done?

A

shoes must be taken off and height should be measured on expirationq

63
Q

When is puberty expected to be finished?

A

girls: 16
boys: 17

64
Q

What is Thelarche?

A

Breast budding

65
Q

What is Adrenarche?

A

formation of body hair and odour

66
Q

What vaccines are given at 2 months?

A

Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophilus influenzae and Hep B, Men B, rotavirus, pneumococcal

67
Q

When do children get the MMR vaccine?

A

1 year

68
Q

When do girls get the HPV vaccine?

A

12-13

69
Q

How does diptheria present?

A

white throar, sore throat, low grade fever

70
Q

What is the most common causative organism of diarrhoea?

A

Rotavirus

71
Q

What is duodenal atresia?

A

congenital absence or complete closure of a portion of the lumen of the duodenum. It causes intestinal obstruction

72
Q

How does duodenal atresia look on AXR?

A

Double bubble with no gas in the bowel distally

73
Q

What are febrile convulsions?

A

seizure in the presence of a temperature >38.5 which typically occurs early in a viral infection

74
Q

Where does hemiplegic cerebral palsy affect?

A

arms and legs on one side

75
Q

What is the most common cause of urinary incontinence in children over 5?

A

Detrusor inactivity.

76
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

tachypnoea, cyanosis, subcostal/intercostal recession, expiratory grunting that occurs in babies in the first 4 hours of life.

77
Q

What is glass ground appearance on x-ray?

A

RDS

78
Q

What is the moro-startle reflex?

A

baby spread arms out then back in and cries.

79
Q

What is the grasp reflex?

A

when an object is placed in the infants hand and strokes their palm and the fingers close around it and they will grasp it

80
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

infant turns head towards anything that strokes his cheek or mouth searching for the object by moving his head until the object is found

81
Q

What is the sucking reflex?

A

child instinctively sucks anything that touches the roof of their mouth

82
Q

What vitamins should children be taking?

A

A,C, D

83
Q

Which vitamins should breast feeding mothers take?

A

D

84
Q

What is Caput succedaneum?

A

diffuse swelling of the scalp caused by the pressure of scalp against the dilating cervix during labour.

85
Q

What is cephalohaematoma?

A

collection of blood under the periosteum of the skull bone

86
Q

What is the most common cause of RDS?

A

acute bronchiolitis

87
Q

What are the features of epiglottitis?

A

Fever, sore throat, stridor, sitting upright in a tripod position, drooling of saliva

88
Q

Which virus causes measles?

A

Paramyxovirus

89
Q

How does measles present?

A

cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, cranky, koplick spots on the palate and rash starts behind the ears then spread

90
Q

What virus causes Mumps?

A

Paramyxovirus

91
Q

What causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

92
Q

What causes croup?

A

RSV and parainfluenza virus

93
Q

What causes epiglottitis?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B

94
Q

What is hypospadius?

A

Urethral meatus on the ventral surface of the penis. Pee coming out of he wrong place. Repair with foreskin

95
Q

What is primosis?

A

caused by the foreskin being too tight

96
Q

When should solids be given to babies?

A

not before 4 months

97
Q

When should skimmed milk be given?

A

Not before 5

98
Q

When should semi-skimmed milk be given?

A

not before 2

99
Q

What are tonic clonic seizures associated with?

A

Epilepsy

Year 2 (10 decks)

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