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Year 3 > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the macula?

A

Central vision area of the retina, darker than the rest of the retina.
Lateral to the optic disc
Has the highest visual acuity

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2
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Centre of the macula, rod free

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3
Q

What is the normal intra occular pressure?

A

10-21mmHg

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4
Q

How is the aqueous humour drained?

A

85 % conventional- via the Canal of Schlemm into the anterior chamber angle

15% uveoscleral- into the ciliary circulation

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5
Q

What is emmetropia?

A

No refractive error. Light rays from infinity brought to focus on the retina

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6
Q

What is myopia?

A

Short sightedness, light rays from infinity brought to focus in FRONT of the retina. Eye is too long, or lens too strong.

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7
Q

What is index myopia?

A

Short sightedness where the lens of the eye is too strong.

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8
Q

What is axial myopia?

A

Short sightedness where the eyeball is too long.

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9
Q

What is hypermetropia?

A

Long sightedness; eyeball too short or lens too weak.

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10
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Eyeball rugby shaped, so has stronger power in one direction than another.

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11
Q

What happens in accommodation?

A

The ciliary muscle CONTRACTS, and the suspensory ligaments become LOOSE. The lens becomes CONVEX (thicker)

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12
Q

What are the key features of primary open angle glaucoma? (POAG)

A
  1. Raised intraoccular pressure >21
  2. Cupped optic disc
  3. Visual field loss
  4. Open drainage angle
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of POAG?

A

Usually asymptomatic
Visual field loss is a late sign
Painless

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14
Q

What are the risk factors for POAG?

A 
Age
Diabetes
Corticosteroids
Myopia (short sightedness)
Inherited
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15
Q

What medical eye drop treatments can be used for POAG?

A

Eye drops:

  1. Prostaglandin analogues eg. Latanorprost which increase uveoscleral outflow
  2. Beta blockers eg. Timolol which decrease aqueous production
  3. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors which decrease aqueous production
  4. Alpha agonists eg. Brimondine which increase outflow and decrease production
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16
Q

What is Blepharitis?

A

Chronic eyelid inflammation; can be due to S.aureus infection or gland blockage. Is the most common cause of acute red eye, and presents with red eye, crusty eyelid, blocked Meibornian glands and Meiborninan cysts.

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of acute red eye?

A

Blepharatis- inflammation of the eyelid, caused by bacteria eg. Staph aureus, or gland blockage.

Presents with red eye, crusty eyelashes, blocked Meibornian glands and Meibornian cysts.

Treated with warm compress, sodium bicarb or antibiotic ointment.

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18
Q

What is a stye?

A

Infected hair follicle, which may be pus filled.

19
Q

What is an entropian?

A

Eyelid turned inward, eyelashes rub on the cornea. Is usually genetic, and requires surgery.

20
Q

What is herpes ophthalmicus?

A

Reactivated varicella zoster virus (shingles) affecting CNV (nasocilliary branch).

21
Q

What are the 5 causes of conjunctivitis?

A
  1. Bacterial- S.aureus, Strep or Haemophilus
  2. Viral- more contagious
  3. Chlamydial- unilateral red eye in a young male, requires systemic antibiotics
  4. Allergic- type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
  5. Cicatrising- causes scarring due to physical, infection, drugs, or systemic disorders
22
Q

What is keratitis and what are the causes?

A

Inflammation of the cornea: Bacterial, viral, autoimmune

23
Q

What is bacterial keratits and how is it treated?

A

Bacteria causing corneal inflammation, resulting in corneal abscess, photophobia, cells in the anterior chamber and reduced vision. Ophthalmic emergency.

24
Q

What are the risk factors for bacterial keratitis?

A

Contact lenses
Corneal abrasion/ anaaesthetics
Bacteria near eye
Topical steriods

25
Q

Which eye condition has Inflammation of the white of the eye, often idiopathic, and may have have scleral thickening leading to a blue black discolouration?

A

Scleritits

26
Q

What is uveitis?

A

Inflammation of the iris.

Red eye, usually aged 20-50 years with no discharge

27
Q

Which condition has red eye with no discharge, miosis, cells in the anterior chamber, flare and posterior synechiae?

A

Uveitis

28
Q

What is acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Sudden painful vision loss, with a dilated pupil and the aqueous humour can’t drain. This usually occurs in hypermetropia (long sightedness)

29
Q

What are the signs of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Increased intraoccular pressure >60
Nausea and vomitting
Headache
Reduced vision

30
Q

What is orbital cellulitis?

A

An ophthalmic emergency, which can track via the optic nerve to the brain. Infection of muscle and fat within the eye orbit.

31
Q

What are the risk factors for macular degeneration?

A

Age
Smoking
Family History

32
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A

Gradual loss of central vision, may be progressive over years. First symptom is visual distortion, and peripheral vision is maintained.
There is difficulty reading and recognising faces.

33
Q

What are the two forms of macular degeneration?

A
  1. Dry- 90%, age related atrophy leading to central vision loss
  2. Wet- 10%, neovascularisation of the retina (choroidal neovascularision) leading to new vessels penetrating into the retina and causing bleeding and scarring. This is more severe than dry AMD
34
Q

What are “drusen”?

A

Macular lesion
Soft drusen- pale yellow, large with poorly defined edges, progresses to AMD
Hard drusen- yellow with well defined margins,not always associated with AMD

35
Q

What are the treatments for dry AMD?

A

Can’t stop or reverse visual loss

Vitamins- zinc and antioxidants help prevent visual loss in the other eye

36
Q

What are the treatments for wet AMD?

A

Photodynamic therapy

Anti vEGF- injected into vitreous cavity

37
Q

How is orbital cellulitis treated?

A

IV antibiotics and urgent CT scan

38
Q

How does Herpes Ophthalmicus present?

A

Forehead tingling
Eye pain
Oedema
Photophobia

39
Q

What presents with Increased intraoccular pressure >60, nausea and vomitting, headache and reduced vision?

A

Acute angle closure glaucoma

40
Q

What presents with an unwell patient, reduced eye movement, proptosis (foreward eye movement) and sinusitis?

A

Orbital cellulitis

41
Q

What presents with corneal abscess, photophobia, reduced vision, cells in the anterior chamber?

A

Bacterial keratitis

42
Q

Which eye condition is associated with Ankylosing spondolytis?

A

Uveitis

43
Q

How is bacterial keratitis treated?

A

Corneal scrape to gram stain.
Sterilisation using Fluroquinolone.
Haling using topical steroids.

44
Q

How is Herpes Ophthalmicus treated?

A

Antivirals

Topical steriods.

Year 3 (22 decks)

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