Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 3 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is often the main cause of gastritis?

A

H. pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does it suggest if neutrophils are present in oesophagitis?

A

It is acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the key features that coeliac disease presents with?

A

Anaemia
Weight loss
Diarhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the complications of coeliac disease?

A

Anaemia
Oesteoporosis
Dermatitis herpetiformis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the key histological features of coeliac disease?

A

Villous atrophy
Crypt hyperplasia
Intra epithelial lymphocytosis
Lamina propria rich in plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the complications associated with diverticulitis?

A

Fistula
Obstruction
Haemorrhage
Perforation

Super infection with CMV/ C.diff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What diseases is Ulcerative colitis associated with?

A

Primary biliary cirhosis

Ankylosing spondolytis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the key histological features of UC?

A 
Punctate ulcers
Psuedopolyps
Haemorrhagic colonic mucosa
Basal plasmocytosis
Crypt abscesses
Mucin depletion
Inflammation (diffuse)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is microscopic colitis?

A

A condition which typically affects middle aged women, with profuse longstanding diarrhoea, with a normal colonoscopy.
There is thickened collagen between the epithelium, with lymphocytic inflammation, associated with autoimmune conditions and NSAID use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two main types of oesophageal cancer?

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma- increased risk in smoking, alcohol, low protein diet, HPV infection
  2. Adenocarcinoma- develops from Barretts metaplasia, chronic GORD, increased risk in alcohol, smoking, obesity, NSAIDs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main causes of dysphagia?

A
  1. Mechanical block eg. malignancy, stricture, extrinsic pressure eg. lung cancer, mediastinal mass, AAA, retrosternal goitre, or pharyngeal pouch
  2. Motility disorders eg. achalasia, oesphahgeal spasm, or bulbar palsy
  3. Oesophagitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give examples of anti-emetics.

A

D2 receptors- Metoclopramide, Deompeidone

H1 receptors- Cyclizine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the triple therapy for H.pylori infection?

A
  1. PPI eg. omeprazole
  2. Clarithromycin
  3. Amoxicillin/ Metronidazole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms of a duodenal ulcer?

A

Can be asymptomatic, or can have epigastric pain (after eating) and weight loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which drugs can be used in GORD?

A

Antacids eg. Magnesium trisilicate

Alginates eg. Gaviscon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the commonest causes of upper GI bleeding?

A 
Oesophageal varices
Mallory-Weiss tears
Peptic ulcers
Malignancy
Oesophagitis
Duodenitis
Drugs- NSAIDs, steroids, anticoagulants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the causes of gastric/ oesophageal varices?

A 
Portal hypertension
Thrombosis
Cirrhosis
Schistosomiasis
Right sided heart failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are wet and dry beriberi?

A

Beriberi is a severe form of Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. It involves heart failure with…

Oedema (wet) or
Neuropathy (Dry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the usual symptoms of acute pancreatitis?

A

Epigastric pain which radiates to the back.
Pain is relieved on sitting forward, or a hot water bottle on the back.
Vomitting
Jaundice
Bruising (grey turners/ cullens signs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can be the complications of acute pancreatitis?

A 
Pseudocyst
Chronic pancreatitis
Sepsis
Bleeding
Pulmonary oedema/ effusion
Necrosis
Cholecystitis
DIC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Modified Glasgow Score?

A 
To calculate the severity of Acute Pancreatitis:
P- PaO2 LOW
A- Age HIGH
N- WCC HIGH
C- Calcium LOW
R- Urea HIGH
E- LDH HIGH
A- Albumin LOW
S- Glucose HIGH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are gallstones composed of

A
  1. Bilirubin- large, often solitary. Increased risk with age and obesity.
  2. Pigment- small, irregular.
  3. Mixed stones- salt, pigment and cholesterol.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the main presentations of gallstones?

A
  1. Biliary colic- intermittent RUQ pain
  2. Acute cholecystitis- RUQ/ epigastric pain, fever, vomitting, gallbladder mass. Stone in the gallbladder neck. Murphy’s sign positive.
  3. Chronic cholecystitis- vague abdominal pain, flatulence, fat intolerance. chronic inflammation
  4. Ascending cholangitis- RUQ pain, fever and jaundice = Charcot’s Triad. Infection
  5. Gallstone ileus
  6. Pancreatitis
  7. Empyema
  8. Gallbladder necrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Courvoisier’s Law?

A

Painless jaundice and a palpable gallbladder= unlikely to be gallstones, likely to be pancreatic or cholangiocarcinoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are examples of the causes of epigastric pain?
``` MI Pneumonia GORD Duodenal/ gastric ulcer Gastritis Acute pancreatitis Acute cholecystitis Biliary colic Cancer Visceral perforation Trauma ```
26
What is Primary Biliary Cholangitis?
Autoimmune liver disease 90% are WOMEN aged over 50 years It is a chronic autoimmune granulomatous inflammation, which leads to cholestasis May lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
27
What are the features of PBC?
``` Often asymptomatic RAISED ANTI-MITOCHONDRIAL ANTIBODY Raised ALP levels, mildly raised AST/ALT Finger clubbing Pruritis Lethargy Jaundice Xanthelasma, xanthomata Hepatosplenomegaly Malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins ```
28
How does acute cholecystitis present?
``` RUQ/epigastric pain Fever Vomitting GB mass Murphy's sign positive ```
29
How does CHRONIC cholecystitis present?
Vague abdo pain Flatulence Fat intolerance Chronic inflammation
30
How does ascending cholangitis present?
CHARCOT'S TRIAD: 1. Fever 2. RUQ pain 3. Jaundice
31
How does obstructive jaundice present?
Epigastric pain
32
What are the most common causes of SMALL bowel obstruction?
1. Adhesions 2. Hernias 3. Crohn's disease 4. Malignancy
33
What are the most common causes of LARGE bowel obstruction?
1. Malignancy 2. Diverticular disease 3. Colonic volvulus
34
What is colonic volvulus?
When the mesentery of the sigmoid colon twists so that the segment of bowel twists This loop can become ischemic due to compromised blood supply
35
Which triad may present in haemochromatosis?
1. Tanned skin 2. Cirrhosis 3. Diabetes
36
Which diabetes medication is associated with weight gain?
Glicazide (sulfonylurea)
37
_______________ may present with chronic central abdominal pain, steatorhoea and weight loss.
Chronic pancreatitis
38
Which antibiotic can be given for cholecystitis?
Co-amoxiclav
39
What are the symptoms of chronic pancreatitis?
Steatorrhoea Weight loss Bloating
40
How can C. diff infection be treated?
Vancomycin | Metronidazole
41
Which skin complaints may be seen in IBD?
Erythema nodosum | Pyoderma gangrenosum
42
Which type of GI cancer has a signet ring appearance histologically?
Gastric adenocarcinoma
43
If a patient finds it difficult to initiate swallowing, what does this suggest?
Bulbar palsy- LMN lesion of CN 9-12
44
If a patient is suffering with intermittent dysphagia, what does this suggest?
Oesophageal spasm
45
If a patient with dysphagia has a neck bulge/ gurgle on drinking, what does this suggest?
Pharyngeal pouch
46
What is achalasia?
Failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax Due to degeneration of myenteric plexus Causes dysphagia
47
What can cause a benign oesophageal stricture?
GORD | Surgery
48
What is dyspepsia?
Indigestion
49
Which type of ulcer is more common: gastric or duodenal?
Duodenal | 4X more common
50
What can cause a duodenal ulcer?
``` H. Pylori infection NSAIDs Steroids Smoking Excess acid secretion ```
51
The Rockall Score is used for predicting mortality from_____________________
Upper GI bleeding
52
What are the likely causes of bloody diarrhoea?
1. Infection- Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, E.coli 2. Ulcerative collitis 3. Crohn's 4. Colonic cancer 5. Polyps
53
What can cause steatorrhoea?
Chronic pancreatitis | Biliary obstruction
54
Abscorbic acid (Vitamin C) is used to treat ________
Scurvy
55
How may gallstone ileus appear on Xray?
1. Air in the common bile duct 2. Small bowel dilated and fluid filled loops 3. Gallstone
56
Which patients is PBC most common in?
Females | Aged 50 years
57
Which patients is PSC most common in?
Males | Aged 20-40 years
58
Which autoimmune liver disease is most associated with UC?
PSC
59
What are the signs/ symptoms of PBC?
``` Often asymptomatic Finger clubbing Pruritis Lethargy Jaundice Xanthelasma, xanthomata Hepatosplenomegaly ```
60
What are the signs/ symptoms of PSC?
Pruritis Lethargy Cirrhosis
61
What are the 2 types of hiatus hernia?
1. Sliding hiatus hernia (80%) - gastro-oesophageal junction slides up into chest 2. Rolling hiatus hernia (20%) - gastro-oesophageal junction remains in abdomen
62
What are the commonest causes of small bowel obstruction?
Adhesion | Hernias
63
What are the commonest causes of large bowel obstruction?
``` Colon cancer Diverticular strictures Volvulus Sigmoid volvulus Constipation ```
64
How does small bowel obstruction present?
Vomitting earlier than large bowel obstruction | Less distension than large bowel obstruction
65
How does large bowel obstruction present?
Vomitting later than small bowel obstruction | More distended than small bowel obstruction

Year 3 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions