Ophthalmology Flashcards
What are the signs of diabetic retinopathy on fundoscopy?
Microaneurysms Hard exudates Flame/blot haemorrhages Cotton wool spots Neovascularisation
Describe the management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (medical and interventional)
Medical: intravitreal VEGF inhibitors
Interventional: laser photocoagulation
What are the signs of hypertensive retinopathy on fundoscopy?
Silver/copper wiring AV nipping Flame/blot haemorrhages Cotton wool spots Papilloedema
How is diabetic retinopathy classified?
Pre-proliferative
Proliferative
How is hypertensive retinopathy classified?
Stage 1-4
What may you see on examination in a patient with cataracts?
Clouding of the lens
Absent red light reflex
What is the name of the surgical procedure performed in a patient with cataracts?
Phacoemulsification
Which sign may be present on fundoscopy in a patient with open angle glaucoma?
Optic disc cupping
Myopia and hypermetropia… Which one is a risk factor for open angle glaucoma and which is a risk factor for acute angle closure glaucoma?
Think hyperacute… hypermetropia is a risk factor for acute angle closure glaucoma
Therefore myopia is a risk factor for open angle glaucoma
Which classes of drug can be used to treat glaucoma? Give four, with an example for each
- Prostaglandin analogues, e.g. latanoprost
- Beta-blockers, e.g. timolol
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, e.g. dorzolamide
- Sympathomimetics, e.g. brimonidine
Describe the management of wet ARMD (medical and interventional)
Medical: intravitreal VEGF inhibitors
Interventional: laser photocoagulation
What are the signs of AACG on examination?
- Red eye
- Reduced visual acuity
- Hazy cornea
- Large fixed dilated pupil
What is the definitive management of AACG?
Peripheral laser iridomtomy
In ophthalmic shingles, there will be loss of which reflex?
Corneal reflex
