Operant/instrumental Flashcards

1
Q

what is instrumental conditioning

A

associating an action/response with a biologically significant stimulus/event

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2
Q

describe thorndikes famous procedure

A

discrete trial
cat in puzzle box - food out of reach
come to solutions to reach food progressively faster

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3
Q

describe skinners famous procedure

A

free operant behaviour

rat in skinner box - food presentation conditioned on lever press and progressively increase lever pressing behaviour

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4
Q

what is a discriminative stimulus

A

predicts when a response will be rienforced

learn to exhibit the behavior in the presence of the discriminative stimulus

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5
Q

what is different about the responses in operant conditioning compared to classical

A

in operant, the responses are not necessarily innate/biological
ie lever pressing, key pecking etc

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6
Q

describe sara shettleworth 70s

A

certain responses operantly conditioned better to certain stimulus
hamsters conditioned to associated feeding with scrabbling but not with face washing or scratching

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7
Q

describe thorndikes law of effect

A

behaviours with positive consequences are repeated
behaviours with negative consequences are not repeated
pos rienforcement - repeat
pos punishment - avoid/escape
neg rienforcement - repeat
neg punishment - decrease

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8
Q

define reinforcement

A

leads to a change in the strength of a behaviour due to its consequence

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9
Q

describe catonia 1998 guidelines for op conditioning

A

the behaviour must have a consequence and therefore must increase in strength. this increase in strength must be due primarily to its consequence

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10
Q

define pos rienforcement

A

get something good so repeat

ie rat get food for pressing lever

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11
Q

define neg rienforcement

A

take away bad so repeat

ie pressing lever remove electric shock

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12
Q

defne pos punishment

A

get given bad so do not repeat

ie pressing lever cause shock

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13
Q

define neg punishment

A

remove something good so do not repeat

ie press lever removes food

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14
Q

what types of rienforcers are there

A

natural
contrived
primary
secondary

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15
Q

define a natural rienforcer

A

behaviour leads to a natural consequence ie eating choc = happier

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16
Q

define contrived rienforcer

A

behaviour leads to an arranged consequence to modify its frequency ie exchange of goods

17
Q

define primary rienforcers

A

naturally rienforcing
ie food, water, sex
small impact on human learning
quickly become satiation making ineffective

18
Q

define secondary rienforcers

A

dependent on association with primary
ie money buy food
more effective as doesnt lead to satiation

19
Q

define higher/second order conditoning

A

stimulus and consequence learnt for the basis of learning with another stimulus
ie secondary rienforcers learned through association with primary

20
Q

describe yde 1976 and higher order conditioning

A

group 1 learnt that tone = food
group 2 do not learn association as tone and food random
BOTH - lever press = tone
group 1 - increase in lever press to play tone to present food
group 2 - did not learn lever press = tone

as probability of rienforcer response becomes

21
Q

define contiguity

A

relationship between cs and us
occurance of stimulus leading to response
ie if delayed, then other factors intervene, attention lost and not conditioned

22
Q

define blocking

A

dont learn new stimulus signalling an unconditioned stimulus - new stimulus is presented simultaneously with a stimulus that is already effective as a signal
cs =cr
cs+ns = cr
ns = no response
stimulus is already effective in predicting response

23
Q

give and example of blocking

A

conditioning a tone with a shock
cs (tone) + ns (light) + us (shock) = ur (fear)
ns (light) + cs (tone) = ur (fear)
ns (light) = no response

but ns (tone) + ns (light) + us (shock) = ur (fear) - both ns are novel so both learnt to produce fear for consequence of shock

24
Q

describe extinction

A

strength of response diminishes over time as learn that stimulus no longer leads to a response
shows that associations are felxible
important to adapt to change

25
describe motivation as impact on learning
associations can be strengthened if motivated to get the response ie hungry so want food
26
what other factors are also influential on learning
genes cognition arousal
27
Describe shaping
Successively reinforce behaviours leading up to the target behaviour -process you go through to perform the behaviour