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Psychology- Learning Theories > Operant Conditioning > Flashcards

Operant Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A learning theory where you learn through consequences.

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2
Q

What is an antecedent?

A

What has already happened

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3
Q

What is A-B-C model?

A

Antecedent— Behaviour— Consequence

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4
Q

What is a reinforcement?

A

When desired behaviour is rewarded so is more likely to be repeated.

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5
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Rewards desired behaviour by ADDING something pleasant.

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6
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Rewards desired behaviour by REMOVING something unpleasant.

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7
Q

What is a primary reinforcement?

A

A reward we want instinctively/ basic need.

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8
Q

What is a secondary reinforcement?

A

A reward we have learned to value.

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9
Q

What is a punishment?

A

When an undesirable behaviour produces unpleasant consequences.

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10
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Punished for undesirable behaviour by ADDING something unpleasant.

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11
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Punishment for undesirable behaviour by REMOVING something pleasant.

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12
Q

What is an example of positive reinforcement? (4)

A

Food, affection, money, compliments

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13
Q

What is an example of a negative reinforcement? (1)

A

Stopping pain

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14
Q

What is an example of a primary reinforcement? (3)

A

Food, water, shelter

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15
Q

What is an example of a secondary reinforcement? (1)

A

Money

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16
Q

What is an example of a positive punishment? (3)

A

Criticism, shock, writing lines

17
Q

What is an example of a negative punishment? (3)

A

Grounding, deducting money, taking phone

18
Q

What is successive approximations?

A

Rewarding a behaviour as it gets closer to desired response.

19
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement: CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT (3)

A

Behaviour is reinforced every time
Low but steady response rate
Behaviour will extinguish quickly if reinforcement is withheld

20
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement: FIXED INTERVAL (3)

A

Provides reinforcement at set times
Uneven response
Extinguishes quite quickly

21
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement: VARIABLE INTERVAL (3)

A

When reinforcement is given after varying time intervals
Uneven resposes
Extinction is quite rapid

22
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement: FIXED RATIO (3)

A

Reinforcement is given after a certain number of responses
Uneven responses
Extinction is quite rapid

23
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement: VARIABLE RATIO (2)

A

Reinforcement given after a varying number of responses
Extinction occurs gradually

24
Q

What is contingent?

A

A clear link between a persons behaviour and consequences it produces
- know what being punished/rewarded for

25
Q

What is contiguent?

A

Consequences follow soon after behaviour
- if too long a delay, conditioning is weakened

26
Q

What is token economy?

A

A treatment that provides secondary reimbursement for a desirable behaviour that can be saved up/ exchanged for primary reinforcer

27
Q

What is an example of where token economy is used?

A

Prisons- library use, TV use, phone calls

28
Q

Evaluating Operant Conditioning: STRENGTHS (3)

A
  • Scientifically credible— consistent findings
  • modern brain studies— Chase et al (2015)
  • reliable/ replicable/ valid
29
Q

Evaluating Operant Conditioning: WEAKNESSES (2)

A
  • still incomplete
  • can’t account for learning of new behaviour never done before
30
Q

Evaluating Operant Conditioning: APPLICATION (2)

A
  • Schools, nurseries
  • Prisons
31
Q

Supporting Study: PAUL & LENZ (1977) (5)

A
  • 84 schizophrenic pps, token economy
  • Reduced bizarre motor behaviour/ improved self-care behaviour
  • didn’t help: delusions/hallucinations/ hostile behaviour
  • after 11% needed medication compared to 100% before
  • unethical: social control

Psychology- Learning Theories (14 decks)

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