open and closed motor control, SCHEMA and WHITING and WELFORDS models

Question 1

what are the 3 theories of how motor programmes are run and conrtolled?

Answer 1

• closed loop control theory
• open loop control theory
• Schema theory

Question 2

what is the closed loop control theory?

Answer 2

focuses on intrinsic feedback, errors are detected and **corrections are made during performance. **
E.g. balance beam and swimming.

Question 3

what is the open loop control theory?

Answer 3

all the information sent as a single message for the movement. Not reliant on feedback.
E.g. penalty kick, basket ball set shot

Question 4

whats schema’s theory?

Answer 4

A GENERALISED MOTOR PROGRAMME WHICH CAN BE ADAPTED.
challenges open and closed loop motor control theories.
**Suggests the motor programmes are clustered together and are interchangable in responce to the situation making them adaptable. **
* so it is essential that practice is varied as much as possible to strengthen schemas
* a general set of rules
EXAMPLES:
- punching schema
- kicking schema
- throwing schema

Question 5

what are the 2 other information processing models besides the basic information processing model?

Answer 5

Whitings model and Welfords model

Question 6

whats Whitings model split up into?

Answer 6

whitings split information processing into 3 stages:
* PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM (input)
* TRANSLATORY MECHANISM (decision making)
* EFFECTOR MECHANISM (output)
- and feedback

Question 7

whats Welfords model split up into?

Answer 7

split into the stages :
* perception (input)
* translation (decision making)
* effector (output)
* feedback

Question 8

explanation on input / perception mechanism (whiting) / perception

Answer 8

• sense organs (vision, audition and propriocepters) in Whitings this is also called **receptor systems **
• DCR process
• STSS
• SA

Question 9

explanation on translator mechanism (whiting) / translation / decision making

Answer 9

• STM
• LTM
• STM - LTM relationship

Question 10

explanation on output / effector / effector mechanism (whiting)

Answer 10

• muscles and nerves
• motor programmes

Question 11

explain feedback

Answer 11

types of feedback, positive, negative, terminal, concurrent, Knowledge of performance, knowledge of results, intrinsic, extrinsic.
-MRI , motivate reinforce and inform.

Question 12

how can the coach improve the information processing model?

Answer 12

IMPROVEsensory input and decision making when learning a skill the coach could:
-use a bigger ball **
- reduce cues so the learner is not overloaded
-ensure skills are well learned to free up spare attention capacity **
-reduce anxiety
**IMPROVE MEMORY BY:
-providing lots of practice **
-use **phrases and saying that will help performers to remember key points E.g. BEEF for basket ball free throw (balance, eyes , elbow, follow through)
-make sessions more exciting
IMPROVE DECISION MAKING BY:
-varying practice so performers experience a range of difficult situations** WHICH builds up LTM improving decision making
IMPROVE REACTION TIME and ANTICIPATION BY :
-giving performers important cues to watch for
- practice
IMPROVE FEEDBACK BY:
-use informational/technical feedback wisely so the performer does not become dependant on it