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APP Reflex test questions > Ones I Dont Know > Flashcards

Ones I Dont Know Flashcards

1
Q

What is plexus

A

Crossing over

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2
Q

What are the 5 main nerve that emerge from the brachial plexus

A 
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Radial
Ulnar
Median
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3
Q

What are nerve cells stimulate by

A

Energy, heat, light , pressure

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4
Q

List 7 somatic sensations

A 
Touch
Heat
Pain
Pressure
Cold
Proprioception
Vibration
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5
Q

In the parasympathetic NS up which cranial nerves do the physiological and stretch sensations go?

A

C 9 (Ix) and 10 (x) (vagus and glossopharyngeal)

S2,3,4 (pelvic splanchnic nerve)

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6
Q

What is the point of digestion

A

To break down food molecules
So they can get pass the gut wall to the blood and All cells of the body
To provide energy by breaking up the bonds
For raw material to be used

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7
Q

3 main components of connective Tissue matrix

A

Cells
Fibre
Ground substances

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8
Q

3 main types of fibres found in connective Tissue

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

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9
Q

What is pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura

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10
Q

What is eupnea

A

Normal shallow breathing

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11
Q

What is pneumothorax and what causes it

A

Collapsed lung-inner layer of lung pulled away from the outer layer due to puncture, which loses its surface tension

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12
Q

What is essential hypertension

A

High blood pressure not dependent on another condition

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13
Q

Cellular respiration, what is it

A

Burning of food molecules by oxygen to produce ATP and release Carbon dioxide

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14
Q

List 5 symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
Weight loss
Fatigue 
Increased heart rate
Heat sensative
Xs sweating
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15
Q

Diff btw Type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1 - reduces or absent insulin

Type 2 - insulin resistance due to lifestyle

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16
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid hormone secretes by the adrenal cortex and what are the 3 main things it helps regulate

A

Aldosterone
Blood pressure
Blood volume
Acidity

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17
Q

Where is the pineal gland, what does it release and what effect does it have

A

Roof of 3rd ventricle
Melatonin
Regulates sleepiness

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18
Q

Where do the glucocorticoid hormones come from abs what is their overall effect

A

Adrenal cortex
Mobilising energy
Responding to stress

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19
Q

How do secretions of the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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20
Q

How do secretions of the hypothalamus get to the posterior pituitary

A

Neurones that start in the hypothalamus reach down into the posterior pituitary and release neurotransmitter which are stored there

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21
Q

Calcitonin is released from which cells and where are they located

A

Para follicular, thyroid

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22
Q

What are the breakdown of the peripheral NS

A

PNS - somatic NS and autonomic NS

Then under autonomic NS is sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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23
Q

Give 2 reasons why muscle become shorter and stiffer if we don’t stretch

A

More in elastic fibres laid down in connective Tissue in muscle

Cross bridge form btw actin and myosin

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24
Q

Two proteins in muscle

A

Myosin and actin

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25
Q

What causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a muscle cell to open, releasing calcium ions which make the filaments slide and the muscle contract

A

Nerve impulse

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26
Q

What muscle helps the agonist work more efficiently by reducing unnecessary movement called?

A

Synergists

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27
Q

What is fibrillation

A

Spontaneous, irregular contraction of a single muscle fibre under skin only visible with emg

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28
Q

What is myasthenia gravies and what causes its

A

Weak muscle caused by auto antibodies receptor site on muscles

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29
Q

Which 4 hormones are released from the Graafian follicle (later corpus luteum)

A

Progesterone
Oestrogen
Relaxin
Inhibin

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30
Q

What is the production of sperm called

A

Spermatogenesis

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31
Q

What’s the really diff thing that happens in spermatogenesis

A

Chromosomes reduce from 46 to 23 singles

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32
Q

What are the 4 main types of cells in bone marrow

A

RBCs,wbcs, adipocytes and fibroblasts

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33
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidneys

A

Nephron

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34
Q

Which 2 hormones does the kidneys release

A

Erythropoietin and calcitonin

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35
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis

A

WBC’s attacking own cells - autoimmune inflammation

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36
Q

Connective Tissue with In The muscle comes out to form the tendon

A

Tendon joins muscle to bone

Ligaments join bone to bone

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37
Q

Everything that happens in the body happens due to

A

Shape and change of atoms and molecules

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38
Q

What are protein made from

A

Atoms

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39
Q

7 LV of organisation of the body

A

Atom, molecules, cells, tissue, organs, system, whole person

40
Q

What is the matrix in bone - material

A

25% protein and water 50% crystallised mineral salts

41
Q

List 6 characteristics of living things

A

Mr M Grd

Metabolism 
Reproduction 
Movement 
Growth
Responsiveness
Differentiation
42
Q

What are the two functional parts of the somatic nervous system (job they do)

A

Sensory and motor

43
Q

What is an ion

A

A charged atom that has gained or lost electrons

44
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue

A

Connective
Muscle
Nerve
Epithelial

45
Q

What does connective Tissue do

A

Protects
Connects and
Binds

46
Q

Which digestive enzyme if made from haemoglobin

A

Bile

47
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of

A

Clusters of epithelial cells that secrete hormones

48
Q

Wha is the endocrine system for and how does it do what it does

A

To maintain homeostasis - messenger molecules make cells do things that keep conditions in the body constant when things around them are changing

49
Q

Which 2 major systems does the hypothalamus control

A

NS and endocrine

50
Q

Where does the hardness come from in bones and where does the strength and flexibility come from

A

Mineral salts and protein fibres

51
Q

What is Potts fracture

A

Fibula fractured at far end

52
Q

Which hormone causes osteoclast activity to increase resulting in less calcium in bone and more in blood

A

Parathyroid

53
Q

Wha Is rickets

A

Failure of the bone to calcify

54
Q

What is the name for the mechanism by which muscle move

A

Sliding filament

55
Q

Wha is the name of the place where a nerve cell aches to a muscle cell

A

Neuromuscular junction

56
Q

Where does the energy in the ATP that lowers the muscle come from

A

Energy bonds in food being broken down

57
Q

What are the two types of muscle contractions

A

Isotonic and isometric

58
Q

Which type of muscle contraction does not involve a change of length

A

Isometric

59
Q

Why are there no stripes in smooth muscle

A

Because the actin and myosin are not arranged in parallel rows as they are in striped muscle

60
Q

What’s the big thing about cardiac muscle

A

Auto rhythmic

61
Q

Which end of a muscle is the origin

A

End attached to the Stationary bone

62
Q

What does connective Tissue do

A

Protects - binds and connect

63
Q

What do epithelial tissue do

A

Secrete, absorbs and lines

64
Q

State 4 functions of the liver

A 
Make urea
Make bile and other enzymes
Alkaline the small intestine
Detoxify the blood
Make blood clotting enzymes
65
Q

What is cellular respiration and where does it happen

A

Food molecules being broken down by o2 to release ATP and releases co2

66
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue

A

Connective Tissue
Fibre
Elastic
Reticular

67
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of

A

Cluster of epithelial cells that secrete hormones

68
Q

What is the endocrine system for and how does it do what it does

A

Maintain homeostasis

Messenger molecules make cells do things that keep conditions in the body constant when things around them are changing

69
Q

Which two major systems does the hypothalamus control

A

Endocrine and NS

70
Q

Where does the hardness come from in bones and where does the strength and flexibility come from

A

Mineral salts and protein fibres

71
Q

What is a Potts fracture

A

Fibula fracture at far end

72
Q

What is colles fracture

A

Fracture of far end of radius’s

73
Q

Which hormone causes osteoclast activity to increase resulting in less calcium in bone and more in blood

A

Parathyroid

74
Q

What causes rickets

A

Failure of the bone to calcify

75
Q

What causes gout

A

Sodium urate crystals

76
Q

What is the name for the mechanism by which muscles move

A

Sliding filament

77
Q

What is the name of the place where a nerve cell attaches to a muscle cell

A

Neuromuscular junction

78
Q

What gives muscle their tone

A

Firing of muscle fibres

79
Q

Where does the energy in the atp that power the muscle come from

A

Energy bonds in food being broken down

80
Q

Where would you find alpha cells and what do they secrete and what is the effect

A

Pancreas
Secret glucagon
Increase blood glucose

81
Q

What is sperm production called

A

Spermatogenesis

82
Q

What is oogenesis

A

Cell in overview develops into an egg

83
Q

What do the kidneys do

A

Filter the blood to form urine which is secretes from the body

84
Q

What is the stimulus that causes human growth hormone to be released from the anterior pituitary gland

A

Low blood sugar

85
Q

Which two hormones does the thyroid gland release

A

T3

T4

86
Q

What are the 4 main things the female sex hormone do

A 
Maintain pregnancy 
Regulate menstration
Maintains the female body shape
Breast
Development and milk production
87
Q

Where would you find beta cells and what do they do

A

Pancreas

Secret insulin which reduces blood glucose

88
Q

Which artery and vein supply the kidneys

A

Renal

89
Q

Where does the uric acid in urea come from

A

DNA and rna breakdown

90
Q

What is a tremor

A

Rhythmic involvement , purposeless contraction causing shaking

91
Q

What are the 2 ways by which hormones can change what a cell is doing

A

Fat soluble hormones switch on the gene in the dna

Water soluble hormones binds the receptor and acts as an enzyme that makes the cell do its job

92
Q

What are mammary glands

A

Modified sweat glands that produce milk

93
Q

What is the condition called in which bone resorption is greater then deposition

A

Osteoporosis

94
Q

Which two hormones together stimulate sperm production in the testes

A

Testosterone and FSH

95
Q

What are the 2 things that all cells have to do

A

Keep on living and making protein enzymes to make things happen

96
Q

What is a living thing meaning

A

A living thing is what a living thing does

96
Q

What are the 2 functional (jobs they do) parts of the somatic nervous system

A

Sensory and motor

APP Reflex test questions (9 decks)

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