Ones I Dont Know Flashcards
What is plexus
Crossing over
What are the 5 main nerve that emerge from the brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous Axillary Radial Ulnar Median
What are nerve cells stimulate by
Energy, heat, light , pressure
List 7 somatic sensations
Touch Heat Pain Pressure Cold Proprioception Vibration
In the parasympathetic NS up which cranial nerves do the physiological and stretch sensations go?
C 9 (Ix) and 10 (x) (vagus and glossopharyngeal)
S2,3,4 (pelvic splanchnic nerve)
What is the point of digestion
To break down food molecules
So they can get pass the gut wall to the blood and All cells of the body
To provide energy by breaking up the bonds
For raw material to be used
3 main components of connective Tissue matrix
Cells
Fibre
Ground substances
3 main types of fibres found in connective Tissue
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
What is pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura
What is eupnea
Normal shallow breathing
What is pneumothorax and what causes it
Collapsed lung-inner layer of lung pulled away from the outer layer due to puncture, which loses its surface tension
What is essential hypertension
High blood pressure not dependent on another condition
Cellular respiration, what is it
Burning of food molecules by oxygen to produce ATP and release Carbon dioxide
List 5 symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Weight loss Fatigue Increased heart rate Heat sensative Xs sweating
Diff btw Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Type 1 - reduces or absent insulin
Type 2 - insulin resistance due to lifestyle
What is the main mineralocorticoid hormone secretes by the adrenal cortex and what are the 3 main things it helps regulate
Aldosterone
Blood pressure
Blood volume
Acidity
Where is the pineal gland, what does it release and what effect does it have
Roof of 3rd ventricle
Melatonin
Regulates sleepiness
Where do the glucocorticoid hormones come from abs what is their overall effect
Adrenal cortex
Mobilising energy
Responding to stress
How do secretions of the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary
Hypophyseal portal system
How do secretions of the hypothalamus get to the posterior pituitary
Neurones that start in the hypothalamus reach down into the posterior pituitary and release neurotransmitter which are stored there
Calcitonin is released from which cells and where are they located
Para follicular, thyroid
What are the breakdown of the peripheral NS
PNS - somatic NS and autonomic NS
Then under autonomic NS is sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
Give 2 reasons why muscle become shorter and stiffer if we don’t stretch
More in elastic fibres laid down in connective Tissue in muscle
Cross bridge form btw actin and myosin
Two proteins in muscle
Myosin and actin
What causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a muscle cell to open, releasing calcium ions which make the filaments slide and the muscle contract
Nerve impulse
What muscle helps the agonist work more efficiently by reducing unnecessary movement called?
Synergists
What is fibrillation
Spontaneous, irregular contraction of a single muscle fibre under skin only visible with emg
What is myasthenia gravies and what causes its
Weak muscle caused by auto antibodies receptor site on muscles
Which 4 hormones are released from the Graafian follicle (later corpus luteum)
Progesterone
Oestrogen
Relaxin
Inhibin
What is the production of sperm called
Spermatogenesis
What’s the really diff thing that happens in spermatogenesis
Chromosomes reduce from 46 to 23 singles
What are the 4 main types of cells in bone marrow
RBCs,wbcs, adipocytes and fibroblasts
What is the functional unit of the kidneys
Nephron
Which 2 hormones does the kidneys release
Erythropoietin and calcitonin
What is rheumatoid arthritis
WBC’s attacking own cells - autoimmune inflammation
Connective Tissue with In The muscle comes out to form the tendon
Tendon joins muscle to bone
Ligaments join bone to bone
Everything that happens in the body happens due to
Shape and change of atoms and molecules
What are protein made from
Atoms
7 LV of organisation of the body
Atom, molecules, cells, tissue, organs, system, whole person
What is the matrix in bone - material
25% protein and water 50% crystallised mineral salts
List 6 characteristics of living things
Mr M Grd
Metabolism Reproduction Movement Growth Responsiveness Differentiation
What are the two functional parts of the somatic nervous system (job they do)
Sensory and motor
What is an ion
A charged atom that has gained or lost electrons
What are the 4 types of tissue
Connective
Muscle
Nerve
Epithelial
What does connective Tissue do
Protects
Connects and
Binds
Which digestive enzyme if made from haemoglobin
Bile
What is the endocrine system made up of
Clusters of epithelial cells that secrete hormones
Wha is the endocrine system for and how does it do what it does
To maintain homeostasis - messenger molecules make cells do things that keep conditions in the body constant when things around them are changing
Which 2 major systems does the hypothalamus control
NS and endocrine
Where does the hardness come from in bones and where does the strength and flexibility come from
Mineral salts and protein fibres
What is Potts fracture
Fibula fractured at far end
Which hormone causes osteoclast activity to increase resulting in less calcium in bone and more in blood
Parathyroid
Wha Is rickets
Failure of the bone to calcify
What is the name for the mechanism by which muscle move
Sliding filament
Wha is the name of the place where a nerve cell aches to a muscle cell
Neuromuscular junction
Where does the energy in the ATP that lowers the muscle come from
Energy bonds in food being broken down
What are the two types of muscle contractions
Isotonic and isometric
Which type of muscle contraction does not involve a change of length
Isometric
Why are there no stripes in smooth muscle
Because the actin and myosin are not arranged in parallel rows as they are in striped muscle
What’s the big thing about cardiac muscle
Auto rhythmic
Which end of a muscle is the origin
End attached to the Stationary bone
What does connective Tissue do
Protects - binds and connect
What do epithelial tissue do
Secrete, absorbs and lines
State 4 functions of the liver
Make urea Make bile and other enzymes Alkaline the small intestine Detoxify the blood Make blood clotting enzymes
What is cellular respiration and where does it happen
Food molecules being broken down by o2 to release ATP and releases co2
What are the 4 types of tissue
Connective Tissue
Fibre
Elastic
Reticular
What is the endocrine system made up of
Cluster of epithelial cells that secrete hormones
What is the endocrine system for and how does it do what it does
Maintain homeostasis
Messenger molecules make cells do things that keep conditions in the body constant when things around them are changing
Which two major systems does the hypothalamus control
Endocrine and NS
Where does the hardness come from in bones and where does the strength and flexibility come from
Mineral salts and protein fibres
What is a Potts fracture
Fibula fracture at far end
What is colles fracture
Fracture of far end of radius’s
Which hormone causes osteoclast activity to increase resulting in less calcium in bone and more in blood
Parathyroid
What causes rickets
Failure of the bone to calcify
What causes gout
Sodium urate crystals
What is the name for the mechanism by which muscles move
Sliding filament
What is the name of the place where a nerve cell attaches to a muscle cell
Neuromuscular junction
What gives muscle their tone
Firing of muscle fibres
Where does the energy in the atp that power the muscle come from
Energy bonds in food being broken down
Where would you find alpha cells and what do they secrete and what is the effect
Pancreas
Secret glucagon
Increase blood glucose
What is sperm production called
Spermatogenesis
What is oogenesis
Cell in overview develops into an egg
What do the kidneys do
Filter the blood to form urine which is secretes from the body
What is the stimulus that causes human growth hormone to be released from the anterior pituitary gland
Low blood sugar
Which two hormones does the thyroid gland release
T3
T4
What are the 4 main things the female sex hormone do
Maintain pregnancy Regulate menstration Maintains the female body shape Breast Development and milk production
Where would you find beta cells and what do they do
Pancreas
Secret insulin which reduces blood glucose
Which artery and vein supply the kidneys
Renal
Where does the uric acid in urea come from
DNA and rna breakdown
What is a tremor
Rhythmic involvement , purposeless contraction causing shaking
What are the 2 ways by which hormones can change what a cell is doing
Fat soluble hormones switch on the gene in the dna
Water soluble hormones binds the receptor and acts as an enzyme that makes the cell do its job
What are mammary glands
Modified sweat glands that produce milk
What is the condition called in which bone resorption is greater then deposition
Osteoporosis
Which two hormones together stimulate sperm production in the testes
Testosterone and FSH
What are the 2 things that all cells have to do
Keep on living and making protein enzymes to make things happen
What is a living thing meaning
A living thing is what a living thing does
What are the 2 functional (jobs they do) parts of the somatic nervous system
Sensory and motor
