ONE: SUMMARY OF PUNCTUATION Flashcards
Though PUNCTUATION guidelines are open to interpretation of _____, ______ in __________ always apply.
Though PUNCTUATION guidelines are open to interpretation of style, rules in mechanics always apply.
PERIODS are used to 1. ____ __________. & 2. _________ _________.
PERIODS are used to 1. end sentences & 2. indicate abbreviations.
ELLIPSES indicate the _________ __ _____ or _________ ________ from a ________ _________.
ELLIPSES indicate the passage of time or something omitted from a direct quotation.
QUESTION MARKS end sentences that are formed as ____________ or _________ ___________ that imply a question; they may be used as _________ or __________ punctuation.
QUESTION MARKS end sentences that are formed as questions or direct statements that imply a question; they may be used as internal or terminal punctuation.
EXCLAMATION MARKS are used for __________, especially with ___________; they may be used as ____________ or ___________ punctuation.
EXCLAMATION MARKS are used for emphasis, especially with interjections; they may be used as internal or terminal punctuation.
SEMICOLONS are used to _______ ___________ _______ when ____________ ___________ are not used.
SEMICOLONS are used to join independent clauses when coordinating conjunctions are not used.
SEMICOLONS are used to _______ _______ __________ that have __________ _________.
SEMICOLONS are used to join series elements that have internal punctuation.
COLONS are used to ____________ something to ___________.
COLONS are used to introduce something to follow.
COMMAS are used with a ___________ to _______ ________.
COMMAS are used with a conjunction to join clauses.
COMMAS are used to ____________ ____________ _________, __________, and word from _________ _________.
COMMAS are used to separate beginning clauses, phrases, and words from main clause.
COMMAS and/or conjunctions __________ items in a _______.
COMMAS and/or conjunctions connect items in a series.
______ _____________ modifying the same _______ or ________ take a __________ only if they modify with ________ ________.
Two adjectives modifying the same noun or pronoun take a COMMA only if they modify with equal force.
COMMAS may be used instead of ___________ to join very short ___________ _______ used as a _________.
COMMAS may be used instead of semicolons to join very short independent clauses used as a series.
COMMAS must always be used with ___________ ___________.
COMMAS must always be used with nonrestrictive modifiers.
COMMAS _______ _______ be used with __________ ___________, or for ____________ the __________ from its _______ or the ________ from its _________.
COMMAS must never be used with restrictive modifiers, or for separating the subject from its verb or the verb from its object.
COMMAS may _______ the rules to improve sentence _____________.
COMMAS may break the rules to improve sentence clarity.
DASHES are used for ___________, to indicate a _______ in _________, or to include an ______.
DASHES are used for emphasis, to indicate a break in thought, or to include an aside.
HYPHENS are used to ________ words at the end of a line.
HYPHENS are used to divide words at the end of a line.
HYPHENS are used to make ____________ words.
HYPHENS are used to make compound words.
APOSTROPHES are used to indicate ___________.
APOSTROPHES are used to indicate possession.
APOSTROPHES replace_________ ________ and ___________, and indicate _________ of letters.
APOSTROPHES replace omitted letters and numerals, and indicate plurals of letters.
In ____________ the APOSTROPHE must always occur where the _________ or ___________ are ___________.
In contractions the APOSTROPHE must always occur where the letters or numerals are omitted.
QUOTATION MARKS are used to indicate __________ uses of words, for ________, for ________ of ________ __________, and for ________ ___________, both partial and complete.
QUOTATION MARKS are used to indicate unusual uses of words, for slang, for titles of short works, and for direct quotations, both partial and complete.
QUOTATION MARKS are _____ used for ___________ ___________ or for ________ _______.
QUOTATION MARKS are NOT used for indirect quotations or for block quotes.
In English usage, ________ & ________ always occur inside QUOTATION MARKS; ___________ and _______ always occur outside quotation marks.
In English usage, periods & commas always occur inside QUOTATION MARKS; semicolons and colons always occur outside quotation marks.
When _________ occurs within the QUOTATION, it is ______ ______ with a pair of _________; the _________ continues without ______________ of its first word.
When attribution occurs within the QUOTATION, it is set off with a pair of commas; the quotation continues without capitalization of its first word.
QUOTATIONS within _________ take ________ quotation marks
QUOTATIONS within quotations take single quotation marks.
PARENTHESES _______ material that __________ to the __________ meaning of the sentence.
PARENTHESES enclose material that contributes to the fuller meaning of the sentence.
PARENTHESES may occur ____________ or _____________ sentences.
PARENTHESES may occur within or between sentences.
BRACKETS enclose ___________ material inserted by the writer within a __________ ___________.
BRACKETS enclose explanatory material inserted by the writer within a direct quotation.
ITALIC print or UNDERLINING is used for ___________, _________ __________, and sometimes ________ of major __________ _______ and _______ of bound books.
ITALIC print or UNDERLINING is used for emphasis, foreign expressions, and sometimes titles of major artistic works and titles of bound books.
CAPITALS are used for _________ or ___________ _______ and ________ ________
CAPITALS are used for cultural or geographical regions and regional groups.
CAPITALS are used for ________ _________ without a ________ ________.
CAPITALS are used for family titles without a possessive pronoun.
CAPITALS are used for ________ and _________ titles.
CAPITALS are used for personal and professional titles.
CAPITALS are generally used for _______, ________ ________, and _________ referring to God.
CAPITALS are generally used for nouns, personal pronouns, and adjectives referring to God.
CAPITALS are used in titles for the ________ & all _______ words.
CAPITALS are used in titles for the first & all main words.
