ONE: EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH Flashcards
What are the four classifications of a noun?
- common
- proper
- concrete
- abstract
A common noun does what?
It names something general.
What are the grammar rules involving common nouns?
Such nouns are not capitalized, except when they begin a sentence.
What are the two common nouns in this sentence?
Man is a social creature.
“Man” & “creature”
Proper nouns refer to what?
Specific persons, places, or things.
What are the grammar rules involving proper nouns?
Proper nouns are always capitalized
What does the following sentence have:
Elizabeth and Warren went to New York for the weekend.
The sentence has three proper nouns with “Elizabeth,” “warren” and “New York.”
What doe concrete nouns name?
real objects.
What makes a noun concrete as opposed to being abstract?
If you’re able to perceive the object with physical senses (sight, smell, touch, hearing taste), its materially concrete.
These are all examples of what?
1. music
2. dog
3. cinnamon
4. wind
concrete nouns.
What do abstract nouns name?
A concept or idea.
What makes a noun abstract as opposed to being concrete?
You’re not able to discern an abstract noun with the physical senses.
What is the following list an example of?
- love
- security
- confusion
- weight
They are four abstract nouns
In what way can a concrete noun be a common or a proper noun?
The word dog for instance can be a common concrete noun or by giving the dog a name like fluffy, it can also be a concrete proper noun.
In what way can an abstract noun be a common or a proper noun?
Typically abstract nouns are common (love, hate), but a case could be made that a noun such as “Hell” is a proper abstract noun.
What are the ten first person, second person, and third person pronouns?
- I
- me
- You
- She
- he
- it
- we
- they
- him
- her
- them
What are the five “self” pronouns?
- myself
- yourself
- himself
- herself
- themselves
What are the nine demonstrative pronouns?
- Who
- that
- which
- what
- whoever
- this
- that
- these
- those
What are the seven number type pronouns?
- one
- none
- any
- anyone
- each
- another
- both
What does a pronoun do in a sentence?
A pronoun is a word that substitutes for a noun.
What is being put to good use in the following sentence?
What pronouns function as possessive pronouns in the above sentence?
The pronouns in the sentence are being put to good use.
Possessive pronouns also function as what?
They also function as adjectives.
How come possessive pronouns function as adjectives?
Because they modify the nouns they’re associated with.
What is the definition of an adjective?
An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun.
In what context are adjectives useful?
Adjectives are useful when you need to identify something for which there is no specific noun.
What if, for example, you wanted to convey the idea of a cat that is old and fat?
But if you’re creative what words would you use?
As far as we know, there is no single noun that expresses these two ideas, so you must use adjectives:
the fat old cat.
If you’re creative you might use:
“obese” & “ancient”
When there are several nouns in a sentence where do adjectives usually occur?
Adjectives usually occur immediately before or closely after the nouns they modify.
What is this sentence an example of?
It is an instance in which adjectives are occurring before and after the nouns they modify.
In total, adjectives occur in what three places within a sentence?
- Immediately before a noun
- closely after a noun
- After a linking verb.
What do linking verbs do?
They’re verbs that link nouns to adjectives.
Functionally what does a linking verb also do in a sentence?
Linking verbs separate an adjective from the noun or pronoun that it modifies.
What is the following sentence an example of?
The children were tired, dirty, and hungry.
It is an example of adjectives occurring after a linking verb.
What is a verb?
A verb is a word that expresses action, being, or condition.
What do linking verbs express?
Linking verbs express being or condition.
What are the most easily recognized verbs?
verbs that express action.
What do these two sentences evoke?
They evoke action expressive verbs.
In what way is an adverb similar to an adjective?
An adverb modifies a verb in much the same way an adjectives does a noun.
What are these sentences an example of?
They’re adverbs modifying verbs.
Besides modifying verbs what else do adverbs modify?
Adverbs also modify adjectives and even other adverbs.
The following is an example of what?
“He was a very friendly person.”
It is an adverb modifying an adjective.
The following is an example of what?
He very often went to the cemetery.
It is an adverb modifying an adverb.
Besides “very” modifying “often” - what is the adverb ultimately modifying?
He very often went to the cemetery.
“Often” is ultimately modifying “went.”
“Friendly” is being modified by what?
“He was a very friendly person.”
“Friendly” is an adjective being modified by adverb “very.”
How are most adverbs recognized?
Most adverbs can be immediately recognized by their “ly” endings.
What two categories can a word with an “ly” ending fall under?
Some words with “ly” endings can be adjectives as well as adverbs.
The adverb in the following example of what?
She was a friendly person, so she acted friendly.
It is an adverb with an “ly” ending that’s also an adjective with and “ly” ending.
What are both friendly words acting as in the sentence and what are they modifying?
She was a friendly person, so she acted friendly.
The first friendly in that sentence is an adjective modifying the noun “person.” The second “friendly” is an adverb modifying the verb acted.
What are the 14 common adverbs without “ly” endings?
- now
- then
- here
- often
- almost
- there
- very
- far
- near
- fast
- hard
- late
- little
- well
What are these two sentences an example of?
They’re both, depending on their meaning in a sentence - adverbs with an added “ly” ending.
What happens when you remove the two action verbs: “running” & “drawing” from both of the sentences?
The adverbs “lately” & “near” get transformed into adjectives (and, some might say, makes the sentences more concise).
What is happening when the two action verbs are being removed from the second group of sentences?
- Lately, the bus had been running late.
- Sunset was drawing near, and it was nearly dark.
- Lately the bus had been late.
- Sunset was near and it was nearly dark.
What should also be noticed about the removal of verbs?
In 3 & 4 the sentences are more concise - with their verbs removed, thus causing the adverbs to be transformed into adjectives.
It should also be noticed too, that by removing the verbs, thus causing the sentences to be more concise, there is less of a need for commas/other kinds of punctuation.
What are the 21 most common prepositions?
- at
- by
- in
- on
- to
- upon
- though
- with
- over
- above
- from
- for
- off
- after
- before
- behind
- between
- among
- under
- during
- without
What does a preposition do in a sentence?
A preposition is a word that shows a relationship of time or place to an “object.”
The following two examples are doing what with their prepositions?
- The book is on the table.
- Wash your hands before dinner.
The two propositions show relationships between time or place and an object.
Regarding “on” what is the corresponding relationship in the sentence?
- The book is on the table.
“on” is a place relationship to the object “table.”
Regarding “before” what is the corresponding relationship in the sentence?
- Wash your hands before dinner.
“before” is a time relationship to the object “dinner.”
A conjunction is a word that does what?
It is a word that joins things.
What are the two basic kinds of conjunctions?
- Subordinating conjunctions
- Coordinating conjunctions
What does a subordinating conjunction join together in a sentence?
The subordinating conjunction joins less important idea to the main idea.
What does a coordinating conjunction join together in a sentence?
The coordinating conjunction joins equal ideas.
What are the seven coordinating conjunctions?
- and
- but
- so
- or
- for
- not
- yet
The parts of sentences where coordinating conjunctions (CCs) join and link certain structural components includes what five?
- CC is used to join phrases
- CC is used to join the last member in a series
- CC is used to join all members of a series.
- CC is used to join a sentence to the preceding one.
- CC is used to join clauses.
How is the coordinating conjunction being used in the following sentence?
“I still don’t understand the process, but I’ll keep trying until I do.”
“I was bored with the show, so I went home early.”
The CC is being used to join clauses.
How is the coordinating conjunction being used in the following sentence?
“There was a danger before us and behind us.”
The coordinating conjunction is being used to join phrases.
How is the coordinating conjunction being used in the following sentence?
“The fruit salad had apples, walnuts, cherries, and marshmallows.”
The CC is being used to join the last member in a series.
How are the coordinating conjunction being used in the following sentence?
The CC is being used to join all members of a series.
How is the CC being used in the following sentence?
“But what will you do when winter comes?”
The CC is being used to join a sentence to the preceding one.
What is it that pairs with CCs in order to then transform the CC into what new conjunction?
When paired with a certain other CC the pairings end up becoming a correlative conjunction.
What are the five common correlative conjunctions?
- both….and
- not only….but (also)
- neither….nor
- either…or
- whether…or
What is the defining feature of an interjection?
An interjection is an outburst or exclamation.
Where can interjections occur in a sentence?
Interjections can occur at the beginning or within a sentence.
How are interjections organized in a sentence?
Interjections are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or exclamation point.
The following involves what being separated within a sentence:
- Ah, I see what you mean.
- Ouch! that really hurt!
- The shark headed straight for our boat and, oh, was I scared.
The following involves interjections that are either separated by a comma or an exclamation point.
