One of history's most dangerous myths Flashcards
colonist
/ˈkɒl.ə.nist/
noun
thực dân
European colonists
descend
/dɪˈsend/
verb
to go or come down
European colonist descended on South Africa
Dutch
/dʌtʃ/
adjective
(thuộc) Hà Lan
Dutch forces
seek
/siːk/
verb
to try to find or get something, especially something that is not a physical object
Dutch and later British forces sought to claim the region for themselves
struggle
/ˈstrʌɡ.əl/
noun
to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something
Their struggle became even more aggressive after discovering the area
abundant
/əˈbʌn.dənt/
adjective
more than enough
Abundant natural resources
ruthless
/ˈruːθ.ləs/
adjective
not thinking or worrying about any pain caused to others
Some people believe that to succeed in this world you have to be ruthless
scramble
/ˈskræm.bəl/
noun
a hurried attempt to get something
Ruthless scramble
power
/paʊər/
noun
cường quốc
Colonial powers
numerous
/ˈnjuː.mə.rəs/
adjective
many
We have discussed these plans on numerous occasions
indigenous
/ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs/
adjective
used to refer to, or relating to, the people who originally lived in a place, rather than people who moved there from somewhere else
Both colonial powers violently removed numerous indigenous communities
ancestral
/ænˈses.trəl/
adjective
relating to members of your family from the past
Ancestral lands
conflict
/ˈkɒn.flɪkt/
noun
an active disagreement between people with opposing opinions or principles
There was a lot of conflict between him and his father
colonizer
/ˈkɒlənaɪzə(r)/
noun
a person who helps take control of an area or a country that is not their own, especially using force, and sends people from their own country to live there
The arrival of European colonizers
settle
/ˈset.əl/
verb
to arrive, especially from another country, in a new place and start to live there and use the land
They haven’t yet settled when the wedding is going to be
corroborate
/kəˈrɒb.ə.reɪt/
verb
to add proof to an account, statement, idea, etc. with new information
These reports were corroboratedin letters and travelogues
travelogue
/ˈtræv.əl.ɒɡ/
noun
tạp chí du lịch
Peter Jackson’s latest book “Africa” is part travelogue
prominent
/ˈprɒm.ɪ.nənt/
adjective
very well known and important
A prominent member of the Saudi royal family
narrative
/ˈnær.ə.tɪv/
noun
a story or a description of a series of events
Prominent British historians supported this narrative
codify
/ˈkəʊ.dɪ.faɪ/
verb
to arrange something, such as laws or rules, into a system
Publications codifying the so-called Empty Land Theory had three central arguments
so-called
/ˌsəʊˈkɔːld/
adjective
used to show that you think a word that is used to describe someone or something is not suitable or not correct
It was one of his so-called friends who supplied him with the drugs that killed him
infrastructure
/ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/
noun
cơ sở hạ tầng
Most of the land being settled by Europeans had no agricultural infrastructure
displace
/dɪˈspleɪs/
verb
to force something out of its usual or original position
The Europeans were within their rights to
displace these African settlers
nomadic
/nəʊˈmæd.ɪk/
adjective
moving from one place to another rather than living in one place all of the time
Nomadic group
graze
/ɡreɪz/
verb
chăn thả (động vật)
To graze cattle
oversimplification
/ˌəʊ.vəˌsɪm.plɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
noun
sự đơn giản hóa quá mức
An ignorant oversimplification
parliament
/ˈpɑː.lɪ.mənt/
noun
quốc hội
exploitation
/ˌek.splɔɪˈteɪ.ʃən/
noun
the use of something in order to get an advantage from it
The European parliament in Cape Town took this exploitation even further by passing the Glen Grey Act
decree
/dɪˈkriː/
noun
an official statement that something must happen
More than 200 people were freed by military decree
shatter
/ˈʃæt.ər/
verb
to (cause something to) break suddenly into very small pieces
His leg was shattered in the accident
collective
/kəˈlek.tɪv/
adjective
of or shared by every member of a group of people
To shatter the system of collective tribal ownership and creating a class of
landless people
tribe
/traɪb/
noun
bộ lạc
To shatter the system of collective tribal ownership and creating a class of
landless people
justify
/ˈdʒʌs.tɪ.faɪ/
verb
to give or to be a good reason for
To justify the theft, Europeans painted the locals as barbarians
barbarian
/bɑːˈbeə.ri.ən/
noun
kẻ man rợ
To justify the theft, Europeans painted the locals as barbarians
strip
/strɪp/
verb
to remove, pull, or tear the covering or outer layer from something
This strategy of stripping locals of their right to ancestral lands
savage
/ˈsæv.ɪdʒ/
adjective
extremely violent, wild, or frightening
To cast native people as savages has been employed by many colonizers
trace
/treɪs/
verb
to find someone or something that was lost
In South Africa, the influence of this narrative can be traced directly to a brutal campaign of institutionalized racism
self-sufficient
/ˌself.səˈfɪʃ.ənt/
adjective
able to provide everything you need, especially food, for yourself without the help of other people
Barred from their lands, the once self-sufficient population struggled as migrant laborers and miners on European-owned property
migrant laborer
người lao động nhập cư
Barred from their lands, the once self-sufficient population struggled as migrant laborers and miners on European-owned property
miner
/ˈmaɪ.nər/
noun
thợ mỏ
Barred from their lands, the once self-sufficient population struggled as migrant laborers and miners on European-owned property
segregated
/ˈseɡ.rɪ.ɡeɪ.tɪd/
adjective
kept separate or treated differently according to race, sex, religion, etc.
The law forbade them from working certain skilled jobs, and forced Africans to live in racially segregated areas
intensify
/ɪnˈten.sɪ.faɪ/
verb
to become greater, more serious, or more extreme, or to make something do this
Over time, these racist policies intensified, mandating separation in urban areas, restricting voting rights
mandate
/ˈmæn.deɪt/
verb
to give official permission for something to happen
Over time, these racist policies intensified, mandating separation in urban areas, restricting voting rights
overhaul
/əʊ.vəˈhɔːl/
verb
to completely change a system so that it works more effectively
Under this system, African people had no voting rights, and the education of native Africans was overhauled to emphasize their legal and social subservience to white settlers
subservience
/səbˈsɜː.vi.əns/
noun
a willingness to do what other people want
Under this system, African people had no voting rights, and the education of native Africans was overhauled to emphasize their legal and social subservience to white settlers
persist
/pəˈsɪst/
verb
If an unpleasant feeling or situation persists, it continues to exist
This state of legally enforced racism persisted through the early 1990s
resistance
/rɪˈzɪs.təns/
noun
the act of fighting against something that is attacking you
South African resistance movements fought throughout the 20th century to gain political and economic freedom
archeology
/ˌɑː.kiˈɒl.ə.dʒi/
noun
khảo cổ học
South African scholars have been using archaeological evidence to correct the historical record
