One Health Flashcards
1
Q
What is One Health?
A
= the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines, working locally, nationally and globally to attain optimal health for people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants and our environment
2
Q
Alveolar Echinoccoccosis life cycle and in humans
A
- dogs are difinitive (juvinile and adults) hosts. Contract disease by eating organs of sheep/rats and ingest cysts
- dogs shed eggs of worms which sheep and rats ingest (intemediate hosts)
- adults live in the small intestine
- lay eggs
- oncosphere hatches and penetrates intestinal wall
- hydatid cyst in liver, lungs and brain
- protoscolex from cyst
- scolex attatches to intestine
- humans consume food/water contaminated with eggs = get disease
- normally 0.5-1 out of every 100,000 affected
- high mortality in humans
- can use antiparasitics for adults in intestine but parasites excist within cyts so hard to get rid
- endemic
3
Q
Echinococcosis Tibetan heardsmen - how reduce incidence
A
- antiparasitics
- hygine = wash hands after handling dogs/lifestock
- pasture management
~ pick up dog faeces
~ remove dead animals off pasture - rodent control
- dont feed diseased animals to dogs
- breed resistance in sheep/dog
- education
- muzle dogs
- worm dogs
- quarantine sheep
- keep dogs under control to revent ingestion of cyts
- faecal sample dogs
- post mortem check liver
4
Q
Why Tibetan heardmen at particular risk for Echinococcosis
A
- constant deforestation
- overgrased liked to increase incidence = rats used to live in woodland now in contact with sheep and hard to implement pest control
- need to look beyond animal and disease life cycle, consider drivers for deforestation
- men more likely to get and older/immunocompromisd increase risk
5
Q
One health - drivers of disease (re)emergance - technical
A
- when disease invade new area. limited change in pathogen characteristics (globalisation, land usage, climate change)
- disease emergance facilitated by intensive agriculture (stocking density, geographic clustering of industrial production plants provide fertile ground for aggressive hosts)
- interspecies jump of pathogens (interaction with wildlife, human/lifestock eroachment of forests, expansion of cities)
6
Q
One health - drivers of disease (re)emergance - social
A
- stakeholders differ in their priorities and concerns of
~ food safety
~ health
~ security and well being - e.g. poorer developing countries concerned with existing disease burdans rather than pandemic risk
7
Q
One health - drivers of disease (re)emergance - institutional
A
- broadening health management and disease-resiliant landscapes goes beyond the scope of medical and veterinary sciences
- major shift required in fostering alliances, partnerships and communication schemes
8
Q
Avian influenza - current/latest situation 2021
A
- confirmed case of H5N1 confirmed at premises in lancashire = HPAI H5N1 (highly pathogenic)
9
Q
Hosts of avian influenza
A
- shorebirds carry virus
- domestic birds intermediate hosts and easily infected via conttact with nasal or faecal material. also contact with other domestic animls favours spread
- waterfoul infected by shared water sources
- mamals are intermediate hosts (hogs also infected with human flu which can lead to mutated human compatable viruses
- humans rarely infected by unaltered strains of avian flu virus, mutated virus could spread human to human
10
Q
Avian influenza HPAI H5N1
A
- spread from P.R of China in 2003 to asia to europe and to africa
- birth of implementation of one health
- global response to AI launched 2006 (OH at core)
- collaboration between EU, USA and UN
- 2008 - FAO published framework for reducing risks of infectious diseases developed by FAO, OIE, WHO, UNICEF, World Bank and the UN
11
Q
GLEWS
A
= Global Early Warning System
- launched 2006
- disease inteligence
- combine strengths of FAO/OIE/WHO to improve disease intelligence at global level and supports respective response activities
- warning system brings together human and veterinary public health systems
~ to share zoonotic disease outbreak information
~ share epidemiological and risk analysis
~ deliver early warning messages on areas at risk
- combines offical reporting data, rumour tracking, trends analysis, forecasting and tracking movement of people and goods
12
Q
EMPRES-i
A
= Emergancy Prevention System
- FAO global animal disease information system
- web-based application to support GLEWS, veterinary services and international animal health community
- global disease info exchange and risk analyses on emergant TDAs and other diseass
- mobile and desktop data entry, management and analysis tools for disease tracking, early warning and risk analysis activities at reginal and global level
- used by FAO epidemiologists, risk modeling experts and other disease info systems (e.g. health map)
13
Q
How does FCC-EMPRES address transboundery threats
A
- monitor threats, track/report events, risk analysis, early detection/warning and timely response
- forming technical networks (epidemiology, socio-economics, survalence)
- enhancing capabilities of laboratories and specialised units within ministries
- strengthening preparedness through simulation exercises and contingency plans
- developing new toolsand enviro sound control technologies
- improve risk/impact analysis by partering with international organisations, research institutions and national authorities
- ensuring communicatin with all stakeholders
14
Q
Emergancy Management Centre - Aniamal health
A
- lanched by FAO and OIE in 2006
- aims to reduce impact of global health emergancies
- emergancy preparedness mission
~ supports countries reginal/international emergancy preparedness
~ provides platform, tools, support, and coordination to enchance preparedness
~ Prepare, Prevent, Detect, Respond, Recover - emergancy response mission
~ incidence coordination, resource mobilisation, collaboration - no country less likely to get help than another (e.g. due to funds)
- majority missions are preparedness rather than response or incidence coordination and in africa and asia
15
Q
How GLEWS, EMPRES and EMC coincide
A
- EMPRES = put data into GLEWS
- GLEWS = provides EMC with up-to-date, wide ranging data on global situation
- Through GLEWS data provided by EMPRES, EMC reviews evolving disease threats worldwide
- With experts at FAO HQ, EMC anticipate when services may be required
16
Q
What happens when government requests EMC support
A
= deploy team of experts to work with host government
- Assess epidemiological situation
- Complement capacities of national vet services
- Support immediate response activities (disease control, surveillance, sample collection, training, communication)
- Technical advice for best response
- Develop emergency action plans
- Provide emergency funding packages
- Facilitate cross-border dialogue between governments
- Ensure stakeholder participation
17
Q
Control of Avian influenza globaly and factor that influenced result
A
- 62 countries affeted = over 50 controlled or eliminated virus
- Surveillance: global
- Quick response – prevention better than cure
- Encouraging report of outbreaks – clear compensation policy
- Definitive response protocol i.e. cull all infected birds and disinfect premises
- Biosecurity: timely application of segregation, cleaning and disinfection.
- Vaccination where disease in endemic and widely spread
- Communication: general public, stakeholders, global, governments
- Policies
- Partnerships
- monetory compensation for farmer that admit they have had an outbreak
18
Q
Continued protection against avian influenza
A
- Enhance international collaboration
- Utilise researchers
- Understand better driver of disease emergence
- Understand better transmission routes
- Provide more training
- Fast reporting
- Immediate action
19
Q
Who needs to be involved in OH
A
- Farmers/producers
- Epidemiologists/researchers
- WHO (other animal health organisations)
- Media
- Public – conform to requirements
- World bank
- Vets
- Government
- Educators
- Animal owners
- Vets
- Enviro scientisrs
- Stakeholders
20
Q
Which resources are required for effective OH strategies
A
- Money
- Vaccines
- Anthemintics
- People/training
- Communication networks
- Research facilities
- Knowladge
- Hospitals
- Diagnostics
- Awareness
- Compliance with goals
- Legislation
- Oppertunities for collaboration
21
Q
Barriers to intergration of one health
A
- different proffesional cultures
- innnapropriate structures
- shortage of resources
- lack of information/evidence
- satisfcation with todays situation
- lethargy of system
- fear of losing power
- low self confidence of vets
- diff educational levels
- interferance of data safety
- varying research standards
22
Q
Barriers to one health - collaboration
A
- 27% of animal health officers collaborated with medical officers
- 12.4% of medical officers collaborated with animal health officers
- 6.7% of wildlife experts collaborated with animal health experts
- The main bridges for collaboration are a need for additional expertise
- The main barriers for collaboration are
~ Lack of networks for collaboration
~ Lack of knowledge
~ Lack of plans to collaborate
