Oncology Petronini Flashcards
What does neoplasia mean?
Neoplasia is a medical term for abnormal growth of new cells that may develop into a tumour.new growth
Characteristics of tumors?
- They have no purpose
- They tend to be atypical
- They tend to be autonomous
- They tend to be aggressive
____________ is the second cause of death after cardiovascular disease
Cancer
__________ is the discipline that studies the frequency
of diseases in human populations and the relationship
between diseases and risk factors
Epidemiology
Some cancers such as _________ and ____________
peak in childhood
leukemia, brain tumors
what is the main risk factor for liver cancer?
chronic (long-term) infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV).
what is the main risk factor for stomach cancer
Chronic infection with Helicobacter Pylori
Most frequent tumors in the USA and Italy are?
breast
prostate
lung
colorectal
Most frequent tumors in developing countries are?
lung
stomach
liver
cervix
breast
Which cancer is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
Lymphoma
what is the main risk factor for colorectal cancer
diet high in meat
Mis-match repair failure is associated with the?
Colorectal cancer
BRCA1 and 2 mutations are associated with which cancer?
Breast cancer
what is the main risk factor for lung cancer
smoking Tobacco
Asbestos is associated with what type of cancer?
Mesothelioma (tumor of the pleura)
In all tumors there are two essential components:
- the parenchyma, which is formed by proliferating
neoplastic cells. - the supporting stroma that is formed by normal
connective and vascular tissues.
Teratomas:
are made up of a variety of parenchymal cells that are derivatives of more than one germ layer(usually 3) . Most teratomas are found in the gonads.
HIV is associated with the?
aggressive B-cell lymphomas.
desmoplasia?
In medicine, desmoplasia is the growth of fibrous connective tissue. It is also called a desmoplastic reaction to emphasize that it is secondary to an insult. Desmoplasia may occur around a neoplasm, causing dense fibrosis around the tumor, or scar tissue (adhesions) within the abdomen after abdominal surgery.
benzene is associated with what kind of cancer?
leukemia
Radon is associated with the cancer of ?
Lung cancer
Mixed tumors:
are derived from one germ layer that differentiates into more than one parenchyma cell type, for example, pleomorphic adenoma
Choriostoma:
Choristomas, a form of heterotopia, are masses of normal tissues found in abnormal locations. In contrast to a neoplasm or tumor, the growth of a choristoma is normally regulated.
It is different from a hamartoma. The two can be differentiated as follows: a hamartoma is disorganized overgrowth of tissues in their normal location (e.g., Peutz–Jeghers polyps), while a choristoma is normal tissue growth in an abnormal location
Harmatomas:
Masses of disorganized tissues inherent to a particular site, for example, pulmonary harmatoma.
cancers of the Uterus?
Leiomyoma (benign)
Leiomyosarcoma (malignant)
tumors of melanocytes?
Nevi (benign)
Melanoma (malignant)
what is carcinoma?
the malignancy of the epithelial cells
CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENTIATING BENIGN AND
MALIGNANT TUMOURS ARE:
- Growth rate
- Differentiation and anaplasia
- Local invasiveness
- Metastasis
Classification of neoplasms:
- Based on the place of origin (lung, breast, etc.)
- By extension: in situ/infiltrator, TNM
- By histotype (e.g.: SCLC vs NSCLC)
- According to the degree of differentiation (G1 vs G2 vs
G3) - Based on molecular profile (e.g.: HER2 + vs HER2 -)
- Based on therapeutic targets (e.g.: NTRK+, etc.)
_________ is a protein that helps breast cancer cells grow quickly
HER2, Breast cancer cells with higher than normal levels of HER2 are called HER2-positive. These cancers tend to grow and spread faster than breast cancers that are HER2-negative, but are much more likely to respond to treatment with drugs that target the HER2 protein.
GRADING OF MALIGNANT TUMORS:
G1 Well-differentiated tumor
G2 Moderately-differentiated tumor
G3 Little-differentiated tumor
G4 Undifferentiated tumor
T value types:
Tis In situ, non-invasive
T1 Small, minimally invasive, inside the
organ of onset
T2 Larger and more invasive, but still
within the organ of occurrence
T3 Very large and/or invasive, already
beyond the margins of the organ of
occurrence
T4 Very large and/or invasive, spread to
adjacent organs
The “TNM” system takes into account the following
parameters:
“T” value indicates the size of the primary tumor and/or its
degree of infiltration
The value of “N” indicates the state and extent of lymph
node involvement
The value of “M” indicates the presence or absence of
distant metastatic foci
M value types:
M0 No distant metastases
M1 Presence of distant metastases
N value types:
N0 No lymph nodes affected
N1 Involvement of regional lymph nodes
N2 Important involvement of regional
lymph nodes
N3 tumor spread to more distant or regional numerous lymph nodes
Genes for positive regulators of cell proliferation: ___________
proto-oncogenes
Genes coding for negative regulators of cell proliferation: __________________
growth suppressor genes
Genes coding for negative regulators of the cell death: ______________
survival genes
Genes coding for positive regulators of the cell death: _______________
death genes
Tumor formed by the clonal expansion of a single precursor cell is called?
Monoclonal tumor
what are proto-oncogenes?
Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become oncogenes, which cause a cell to become cancerous
___________: mutations that confer an advantage to the cancer cell and have a role in the
transformation/progression
DRIVER
____________: mutations that emerge as a consequence of the genetic instability of the
tumor and do not have a fundamental role in its onset
PASSENGER
The monoclonal origin is well exemplified by two observations:
multiple myelomas are malignant neoplasms of plasma cells. All of these tumors
synthesize a single specific immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragment, indicating
that all plasma cells have identical genetic programming and are derived from a
single precursor.
the female karyotype:
karyotypically women are mosaics of genes related to X; there is a random
inactivation of an X chromosome in all cells of the embryo at about 16 days of
development
so in the female there are two populations of cells compared to the X chromosome;
each of them expressing the genetic products of only one active X chromosome, of
the two of maternal or paternal origin in women are common variant forms of the
enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which is governed by a
gene related to X.
In these women it can be shown that the majority of neoplasms have only one
variant G6PD. If neoplasms were originally polyclonal, fate would impose two
variant forms of G6PD.
