Oncology Petronini

Question 1

What does neoplasia mean?

Answer 1

Neoplasia is a medical term for abnormal growth of new cells that may develop into a tumour.new growth

Question 2

Characteristics of tumors?

Answer 2

• They have no purpose
• They tend to be atypical
• They tend to be autonomous
• They tend to be aggressive

Question 3

____________ is the second cause of death after cardiovascular disease

Answer 3

Cancer

Question 4

__________ is the discipline that studies the frequency
of diseases in human populations and the relationship
between diseases and risk factors

Answer 4

Epidemiology

Question 4

Some cancers such as _________ and ____________
peak in childhood

Answer 4

leukemia, brain tumors

Question 4

what is the main risk factor for liver cancer?

Answer 4

chronic (long-term) infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Question 4

what is the main risk factor for stomach cancer

Answer 4

Chronic infection with Helicobacter Pylori

Question 5

Most frequent tumors in the USA and Italy are?

Answer 5

breast
prostate
lung
colorectal

Question 5

Most frequent tumors in developing countries are?

Answer 5

lung
stomach
liver
cervix
breast

Question 5

Which cancer is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?

Answer 5

Lymphoma

Question 5

what is the main risk factor for colorectal cancer

Answer 5

diet high in meat

Question 6

Mis-match repair failure is associated with the?

Answer 6

Colorectal cancer

Question 7

BRCA1 and 2 mutations are associated with which cancer?

Answer 7

Breast cancer

Question 7

what is the main risk factor for lung cancer

Answer 7

smoking Tobacco

Question 8

Asbestos is associated with what type of cancer?

Answer 8

Mesothelioma (tumor of the pleura)

Question 8

In all tumors there are two essential components:

Answer 8

• the parenchyma, which is formed by proliferating
  neoplastic cells.
• the supporting stroma that is formed by normal
  connective and vascular tissues.

Question 8

Teratomas:

Answer 8

are made up of a variety of parenchymal cells that are derivatives of more than one germ layer(usually 3) . Most teratomas are found in the gonads.

Question 8

HIV is associated with the?

Answer 8

aggressive B-cell lymphomas.

Question 9

desmoplasia?

Answer 9

In medicine, desmoplasia is the growth of fibrous connective tissue. It is also called a desmoplastic reaction to emphasize that it is secondary to an insult. Desmoplasia may occur around a neoplasm, causing dense fibrosis around the tumor, or scar tissue (adhesions) within the abdomen after abdominal surgery.

Question 9

benzene is associated with what kind of cancer?

Answer 9

leukemia

Question 10

Radon is associated with the cancer of ?

Answer 10

Lung cancer

Question 10

Mixed tumors:

Answer 10

are derived from one germ layer that differentiates into more than one parenchyma cell type, for example, pleomorphic adenoma

Question 11

Choriostoma:

Answer 11

Choristomas, a form of heterotopia, are masses of normal tissues found in abnormal locations. In contrast to a neoplasm or tumor, the growth of a choristoma is normally regulated.
It is different from a hamartoma. The two can be differentiated as follows: a hamartoma is disorganized overgrowth of tissues in their normal location (e.g., Peutz–Jeghers polyps), while a choristoma is normal tissue growth in an abnormal location

Question 11

Harmatomas:

Answer 11

Masses of disorganized tissues inherent to a particular site, for example, pulmonary harmatoma.

Question 12

cancers of the Uterus?

Answer 12

Leiomyoma (benign)
Leiomyosarcoma (malignant)

Question 12

tumors of melanocytes?

Answer 12

Nevi (benign)
Melanoma (malignant)

Question 12

what is carcinoma?

Answer 12

the malignancy of the epithelial cells

Question 12

CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENTIATING BENIGN AND
MALIGNANT TUMOURS ARE:

Answer 12

• Growth rate
• Differentiation and anaplasia
• Local invasiveness
• Metastasis

Question 12

Classification of neoplasms:

Answer 12

• Based on the place of origin (lung, breast, etc.)
• By extension: in situ/infiltrator, TNM
• By histotype (e.g.: SCLC vs NSCLC)
• According to the degree of differentiation (G1 vs G2 vs
  G3)
• Based on molecular profile (e.g.: HER2 + vs HER2 -)
• Based on therapeutic targets (e.g.: NTRK+, etc.)

Question 13

_________ is a protein that helps breast cancer cells grow quickly

Answer 13

HER2, Breast cancer cells with higher than normal levels of HER2 are called HER2-positive. These cancers tend to grow and spread faster than breast cancers that are HER2-negative, but are much more likely to respond to treatment with drugs that target the HER2 protein.

Question 14

GRADING OF MALIGNANT TUMORS:

Answer 14

G1 Well-differentiated tumor
G2 Moderately-differentiated tumor
G3 Little-differentiated tumor
G4 Undifferentiated tumor

Question 15

T value types:

Answer 15

Tis In situ, non-invasive
T1 Small, minimally invasive, inside the
organ of onset
T2 Larger and more invasive, but still
within the organ of occurrence
T3 Very large and/or invasive, already
beyond the margins of the organ of
occurrence
T4 Very large and/or invasive, spread to
adjacent organs

Question 16

The “TNM” system takes into account the following
parameters:

Answer 16

“T” value indicates the size of the primary tumor and/or its
degree of infiltration
The value of “N” indicates the state and extent of lymph
node involvement
The value of “M” indicates the presence or absence of
distant metastatic foci

Question 17

M value types:

Answer 17

M0 No distant metastases
M1 Presence of distant metastases

Question 17

N value types:

Answer 17

N0 No lymph nodes affected
N1 Involvement of regional lymph nodes
N2 Important involvement of regional
lymph nodes
N3 tumor spread to more distant or regional numerous lymph nodes

Question 17

Genes for positive regulators of cell proliferation: ___________

Answer 17

proto-oncogenes

Question 18

Genes coding for negative regulators of cell proliferation: __________________

Answer 18

growth suppressor genes

Question 19

Genes coding for negative regulators of the cell death: ______________

Answer 19

survival genes

Question 19

Genes coding for positive regulators of the cell death: _______________

Answer 19

death genes

Question 20

Tumor formed by the clonal expansion of a single precursor cell is called?

Answer 20

Monoclonal tumor

Question 21

what are proto-oncogenes?

Answer 21

Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become oncogenes, which cause a cell to become cancerous

Question 22

___________: mutations that confer an advantage to the cancer cell and have a role in the
transformation/progression

Answer 22

DRIVER

Question 23

____________: mutations that emerge as a consequence of the genetic instability of the
tumor and do not have a fundamental role in its onset

Answer 23

PASSENGER

Question 24

The monoclonal origin is well exemplified by two observations:

Answer 24

multiple myelomas are malignant neoplasms of plasma cells. All of these tumors
synthesize a single specific immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragment, indicating
that all plasma cells have identical genetic programming and are derived from a
single precursor.

the female karyotype:
karyotypically women are mosaics of genes related to X; there is a random
inactivation of an X chromosome in all cells of the embryo at about 16 days of
development
so in the female there are two populations of cells compared to the X chromosome;
each of them expressing the genetic products of only one active X chromosome, of
the two of maternal or paternal origin in women are common variant forms of the
enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which is governed by a
gene related to X.
In these women it can be shown that the majority of neoplasms have only one
variant G6PD. If neoplasms were originally polyclonal, fate would impose two
variant forms of G6PD.