Blood (Petronini) Flashcards
What is Hematocrit?
Ratio between RBC volume and total blood volume .
Examples of anticoagulants?
Heparin , EDTA
What is serum?
Is the liquid part that remains after blood coagulation, fibrinogen converts into fibrin
What is the main function of albumin ?
Osmotic balance
Erythrocyte count ?
5-6 million/mm3
Erythrocyte count ?
5-6 million/mm3
Leukocyte count ?
5000-10000/mm3
Platelet count ?
250000-400000/mm3
Concentration of K+ in cells and blood?
139 in the cell and 4 in the blood
Concentration of Na in the cell and blood?
12 in the cell and 145 in the blood
Concentration of Ca+ in the cell and blood?
Less than 0.0002mM in the cell and 1.8 in the blood
Proteins constitute ___ % of plasma ?
6-8%,
albumin: 3.5-4.6%
Globulin: 1.9-2.8%
Fibrinogen: 0.2-0.5%
Lifespan of erythrocytes is?
About 120 days
Lifespan of platelets is ?
About 10 days
Proportion of lymphocytes ?
T lymphocytes 75%
B lymphocytes 15%
NK 10%
CD4/CD8 ratio ?
2:1
Two types of dendritic cells ?
Follicular dentritic cells present in cortical zone and interdigitating
present in paracortical zone
Leukocytes formula ?
Neutrophils 65%
Lymphocytes 25%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%
During allergic reaction which immunoglobulin is affected ?
IgE
Total hemoglobin content (g/100ml) ?
12-14g/100ml
What is IL-3 ?
Multipotent colony stimulating factor
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a cytokine that stimulates the growth of various progenitor cells and promotes the survival of macrophages, mast cells, and megakaryocytes
What is IL-5 ?
Production of eosinophils
What is IL-7?
Production of B and T lymphocytes
1 BFU-E =
64 CFU-E
1 CFU- E =
64 erythrocytes
HIF ( hypoxia induced factor)is composed of ?
Alpha and Beta subunits
what is plasma of the blood?
a is the acellular liquid part of the blood; it consists of water containing
proteins, hormones, nutrients, electrolytes, catabolites and other components
What is myeloma?
it is tumor that rices from the plasma cells
Gamma globulins are _______?
antibodies
What are the Natural Killer cells involved in?
Destroying cancerous cells and Virus infected cells
Red blood cells are removed by the process called?
Hemocatheresis , in the red pulp of the spleen
bacterial infections cause the increase in?
neutrophils, neutrophilia
What do mast cells do?
produce histamines, play a role in allergic reactions, determine an inflammation process. They synthesize the histamines from histidine
viral infections cause the increase in?
lymphocytes, lymphocytosis
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV):
measures the average size of red blood cells
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC):
measures hemoglobin in red blood cells. In addition, it includes a
calculation of the size and volume of red blood cell
Corpuscular hemoglobin average (MCH):
measures the average amount of hemoglobin in a single red blood
cell.
Red cell distribution width (RDW):
measures differences in the volume and size of red blood cells
Where does Hematopoiesis take place?
- First 2 months of intrauterine life:
yolk sack - Up to 6-7 months of intrauterine life:
liver and spleen - Birth:
bone marrow; hemopoiesis at the level of the bone marrow begins from the 4
months of intrauterine life and at birth all bone marrow is hemopoietically active - Adult:
hemopoietic function is maintained at the level of the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull
and pelvic bones (flat bones) and at the level of the epiphyseal proximal regions of
the humerus and femur, long bones
The first step of hematopoiesis is the formation of 2 different lineages:
Myeloid stem Cells, that originate several cells:
o Platelets
o Erythrocytes
o Eosinophils
o Neutrophils
o Basophils
Lymphoid stem cells, that originate:
o B lymphocytes
o T lymphocytes
o NK cells
__________Important for the the production and the activation of Eosinophils
IL-5
Hematopoietic stem cells can be divided into:
- long-term self-renewing HSC
- short-term self-renewing HSC
- multipotent progenitor cells.
They give rise to common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs, the precursors of all lymphoid
cells) and common myeloid progenitors (CMPS, the precursors of all myeloid cells)
describe the Erythropoiesis?
The first cells that are involved in the Erythropoiesis process are the hematopoietic stem
cells, which give rise to BFU-E (Erythroid Burst Forming Unit);
After BFU-E we have the formation of CFU-E;
Then we have the formation of Pronormoblast;
Basophilic erythroblast;
Polychromatophilic erythroblast;
Normoblast;
Reticulocyte, that loses the nucleus (indeed human erythrocytes do not present nucleus).
From 1 Erythroid colony forming unit (CFU-E) we obtain 64 erythrocytes.
From 1 BFU-E cell we obtain 64 CFU-E.
Therefore, from one BFU-E we obtain a lot of erythrocytes
__________ also know as “multi potent colony stimulating factor” because it acts in the
early steps of the Hematopoiesis.
IL-3
Hematopoiesis is regulated by ______________________
Cytokines, that are called Hematopoietic cytokines.
__________ important for Lymphocytes production
IL-7
GM-CSF stands for?
(Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
________________ is an important cytokine of erythropoiesis.
EPO (erythropoietin)
EPO stimulates CFU-E cell, indeed CFU-E has a receptor that binds EPO with high
affinity. Most responsive receptor!
To stimulate BFU-E cells we need a concentration of EPO that is 10 times higher than
normal, because BFU-E’s receptors have less affinity for EPO.
Hypoxia induces kidney EPO expression (the sensor of level oxygen is in the kidney).
Then the EPO is transported to bone marrow where induces the production of red cells
Characteristics of EPO:
- It’s the most important general hormone factor for erythropoiesis.
- It is also called hemopoietin or erythrocyte stimulating factor.
- It is secreted by peritubular capillaries of kidney. A small quantity is also secreted
from the liver and brain. - Hypoxia is the stimulant for the secretion of EPO.
- It controls the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of erythroid progenitors.
- It was the first hematopoietic growth factor to be cloned and has been available as
a drug (rhuepo) since 1988. - Ex. of erythropoietin use: ANEMIA from renal failure and other forms of anemia.
