Cellular Adaptation of Growth and Differentiation Petronini

Question 1

Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy and metaplasia are _________ adaptations, unlike
dysplasia

Answer 1

reversible

Question 2

_________ is an increase in the volume of an organ induced by an increase in the number of
cells that compose that organ.

Answer 2

Hyperplasia

Question 3

___________is an increase in the volume of an organ as a result of an increasing of the volume of
the cells.

Answer 3

Hypertrophy

Question 4

what is neoplasm?

Answer 4

A neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells in the body that can be benign, precancerous, or malignan

Question 4

_________________ is a characteristic of tissues composed of permanent cells; some organs increase the
volume by hyperplasia and by hypertrophy, an example is the liver.

Answer 4

Hypertrophy

Question 5

Cells can be divided into ____________________

Answer 5

labile cells (constantly divide), stable (divide when needed), and permanent cells (dont divide).

Question 5

________ is typical of
tissues composed of labile cells; also stable cells can participate to hyperplasia.

Answer 5

Hyperplasia

Question 5

which cytokines are important in liver compensatory hyperplasia?

Answer 5

Tumours Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF
alpha) and IL-6, which are pro-inflammatory cytokine

Question 6

what is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?

Answer 6

Liver regeneration

Question 6

what are the types of hyperplasia?

Answer 6

Pathological, physiological, compensatory

Question 6

what is an example of physiological hyperplasia?

Answer 6

proliferation of glandular epithelium of breast during puberty or pregnancy

Question 7

which growth factors are important in liver compensatory hyperplasia?

Answer 7

HGF and
TGF alpha.
TGF alpha binds to another receptor called
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR).
Hepatocytes Growth Factor (HGF) induces
cell proliferation after binding the receptor
called Met.
HGF is also called scatter factor because it is
involved not only in the liver but also in other
aspect related to mobility.

Question 8

What is c-myc?

Answer 8

C-myc is a Transcriptional Factor which binds to the DNA, more exactly it binds in
the promoter or enhances region of genes that codifies for proteins involved in the transition G0 or
G1 to S

Question 8

Hyperplasia of the intestinal villi due to:

Answer 8

Lactation, pregnancy, diabetes

Question 9

Hypoplasia of the intestinal villi due to:

Answer 9

prolonged fasting

Question 10

Hyperplasia at the ___________ level is due to testosterone or androgenic stimulation.

Answer 10

prostatic

Question 10

We have _______________ when there is an excessive hormonal stimulation: when there is an imbalance between estrogens and progesterone (or progestin in
general)

Answer 10

pathological hyperplasia

Question 11

______________ is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that affects 1-2% of the population; it’s a
multifactorial disease and it’s due to a defect in the control of cells proliferation and in the control of
cells differentiation.

Answer 11

Psoriasis
Psoriasis is considered an auto-immune disease.
Also stress affects this disease because stress affects our immune system.

Question 12

During Psoriasis the proliferative activity of the basal layer is increased by ___ times (defect in cell
proliferation).
The differentiation process is not complete and the transition - instead of ____ weeks - lasts __days

Answer 12

10, 2-4, 4

Question 13

Hypertrophy can be ?

Answer 13

Physiological and pathological

Question 14

Why do cells get bigger during hypertrophy?

Answer 14

There is more protein synthesized

Question 15

what does Atrial Natriuretic Factor
(ANF) induce?

Answer 15

induces the
kidneys to release more
water, so the volume of
blood is reduced and also
blood pressure values are
reduced

Question 16

can you find cells with more than 2 sets of chromosomes in the liver and the heart?

Answer 16

yes, they increase the volume of the cells by
increasing the number of chromosomes. These cells are unable to divide but they are able to
duplicate the DNA.

Question 16

Hypotrophy can be?

Answer 16

Physiological (embryonic and fetal development) and Pathological (reduction of the workload)

Question 17

what is atrophy (hypotrophy)?

Answer 17

it is the reduction of the size of an organ or tissue by the decrease in the number and size of cells resulting in the loss of cell material

Question 18

what are the causes of pathological hypotrophy?

Answer 18

• Reduced workload: if you sleep all day you have an atrophy.
• enervation
• when there is a reduction in blood flow
• when there is a compression
• when there is inadequate nutrition: for example in a clinical situation called cachexia,
  typical of anorexia, cancer, AIDS, chronic diseases.
• loss of endocrine stimulation
• with aging age induces an atrophy of the frontal lobe.

Question 18

what is metaplasia?

Answer 18

Metaplasia is a reversible alteration in which a differentiated tissue of a certain type is replaced by
a differentiated tissue of a different kind but of the same histogenetic origin.

Question 19

Metaplasia, in adults, occurs only within the tissues of ________________

Answer 19

epithelial and mesenchymal origin

Question 20

In metaplasia a certain type of cell (cell A) is replaced by another type of cell (cell B); we have
three possibilities:

Answer 20

• cell A changes in cell B: the probability of this transition is very low.
• cell A is eliminated and its progenitors produce cell B: this is true.
• the new cell type is the result of a reprogramming of undifferentiated stem or
  mesenchymal cells.

Question 20

Epithelial metaplasia can be _________or _________ metaplasia.

Answer 20

flat, scaly

Question 21

what are initiating factors?

Answer 21

they induce the DNA mutation

Question 22

what are promoting factors?

Answer 22

It is hormones that can stimulate the proliferation of initiated cells

Question 23

Which Vitamin is important in the differentiation of epithelial cells?

Answer 23

Vitamin A

Question 23

what is in situ carsinoma?

Answer 23

a tumour that does not invade the connective tissue, it’s localised in the
epithelium and the basal membrane is not destruct. Last stage is invasive metastatic carcinoma

Question 24

_______________ is when you have formation of cartilage, bone and adipose tissue, which
replace non-mesenchymal cells.

Answer 24

Mesenchymal metaplasia

Question 25

what is dysplasia?

Answer 25

Dysplasia means “disorder growth”: dysplasia is an alteration of cell proliferation and cell differentiation. It is often observed in scaly (squamous) epithelia. It is an irreversible process

Question 25

In dysplasia we can have:

Answer 25

• Loss of uniformity of individual cells;
• Loss of their architectural orientation;
• Remarkable polymorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, and mitosis is more frequent and localized
  also at the superficial level. Differentiation is also affected.

Question 26

what is the biggest risk factor for the Cervical cancer?

Answer 26

HPV (human pappiloma virus)

Question 27

What is anaplasia?

Answer 27

is a condition of cells with poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells.

Question 28

what is Pleiomorphism?

Answer 28

is the presence of cells different in size and shape large and hyperchromatic
nuclei; those nuclei contain a characteristic quantity of DNA higher than normal which is
aneuploidy (a content of DNA not multiple of 2n).