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General Pathology > Environmental and Nutritional diseases (Bianchi) > Flashcards

Environmental and Nutritional diseases (Bianchi) Flashcards

1
Q

The definition of Environmental disease?

A

conditions caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in the ambient,
workplace, and personal environment, including diseases of nutritional origin

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2
Q

The major environmental determinants?

A
  • air pollutants
  • food and water (toxic agents)
  • occupational exposure

and personal habits should be considered

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3
Q

Chemicals or drugs that induce the CYP activity?

A
  • Drugs
  • Smoking
  • alcohol
  • hormones
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4
Q

what is Xenobiotic?

A

A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism

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5
Q

Chemicals or drugs that inhibit the CYP activity?

A

Azoles: ketoconazole, fluconazole
Antibiotics: sulfonamides, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, macrolides, isoniazid
Cimetidine
Omeprazole
Sodium valproate
Grapefruit

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6
Q

what is Cytochrome p450?

A

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are membrane-bound hemoproteins that play a pivotal role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, cellular metabolism and homeostasis.

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7
Q

where is cytochrome 450 found

A

Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of liver cells

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8
Q

Pollutants, according to their concentration into the
atmosphere, can be classified as follows:

A

Macropollutants: substances whose concentrations in the atmosphere
are in the order of mg/m3 or µg/m3
such as, for example CO, CO2
, NO,
NO2
, SO2
, O3
, particulate matter

Micropollutants: substances whose concentrations in the atmosphere
are of the order of ng/m3
such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and
dioxins.

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9
Q

Depending on their origin, pollutants can be classified into:

A

Primary (toxic) SO2 and HF

Secondary (derive from primary ones) O3, H2SO4 and HNO3

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10
Q

What is Ozone (O3)?

A
  • a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing
    properties
  • formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light, degrades
    either organic or inorganic material
  • it differs from normal oxygen (O2) in having three atoms in its molecule (O3)
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11
Q

Reduction of the Ozone layer is associated with the incidence of ?

A

Skin cancer

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12
Q

what is Atmospheric dust?

A

a mixture of solid and liquid particles which
vary in size, composition and origin.

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13
Q

Atmospheric dust is defined in various ways:

A
  • TSD (total suspended dust)
  • PM (Particulate Matter)
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14
Q

the particles with the diameter greater than 10µm tend to stop in _______respiratory tract

A

upper respiratory tract

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15
Q

the particles smaller than 10µm can reach ___________________

A

the trachea, bronchi and consequently the pulmonary alveoli.

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16
Q

what is the pathogenesis of the pneumoconiosis?

A

Pathogenesis:
- silica, asbestos, and beryllium are the most reactive
- the smaller particles (1-5μm) get lodged at the bifurcation of the distal airways
- macrophages accumulate and engulf the trapped particulates
- activated macrophages (frustrated phagocytosis) release a number of inflammatory
mediators (triggering of chronic inflammation and fibroblast proliferation

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17
Q

Inhalation of mineral dusts causes chronic “non-neoplastic” lung diseases
known as______?

A

PNEUMOCONIOSIS

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18
Q

What is asbestos?

A

Asbestos is a naturally occurring material that is present in soil and rocks

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19
Q

What is asbestosis?

A

Asbestosis is long-term inflammation and scarring of the lungs due to asbestos fibers inhaled.

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20
Q

Effects of CO on health?

A

Carbon monoxide primarily causes adverse effects by combining with
hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, it is 240 times more reactive than O2.

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21
Q

Characteristics of NO?

A
  • an important intermediate in industrial chemistry
  • nitric oxide forms in combustion systems and can be generated by
    lightning in thunderstorms
  • It is a key vertebrate biological messenger, playing a role in a variety of
    biological processes
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22
Q

role of NO in physiology?

A

Vasodilation, neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and tumor growth

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23
Q

Effects of NO on human health?

A

Irritant for the respiratory system because of the transformation
to HNO3, it causes pulmonary edema

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24
Q

what is pulmonary edema?

A

Pulmonary edema is a condition in which the lungs fill with fluid, also known as lung congestion, lung water, and pulmonary congestion

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25
Q

what is Sulfur dioxide SO2 ?

A
  • It is a toxic gas responsible for the smell of burnt matches.
  • It is released naturally by volcanic activity and is produced as a byproduct of copper extraction and the burning of sulfur-bearing fossil
    fuels.
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26
Q

Effects of SO2 on human health?

A

In the respiratory tract encounters O2 and H2O to form H2SO4 and causes chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, cancer

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27
Q

chronic bronchitis?

A

Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation of the airways (trachea, bronchi or bronchioles) in your lungs. People with chronic bronchitis have symptoms like a cough and shortness of breath most days of the month, three months out of the year, for two years or longer.

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28
Q

pulmonary emphysema?

A

Emphysema is any air-filled enlargement in the body’s tissues. Most commonly emphysema refers to the permanent enlargement of air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs, and is also known as pulmonary emphysema.

29
Q

Where is CCl4 used?

A

a liquid used in refrigeration mixtures of refrigerators, in fire
extinguishers, stain removers, food degreasing solutions, it is
inhaled (classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC))and
accumulates in the liver

30
Q

Effects of CCl4 on health?

A

Medium term exposure: hepatic steatosis, hepatic necrosis
Long term exposure: Hepatic tumor

31
Q

What is Vinyl chloride?

A
  • It is the main component of PVC, and therefore of all plastics
  • Inhaled (gas with a sweet odor) absorbed through the skin
32
Q

Effects of Vinyl Chloride on human health?

A

Short-term toxic action:
disorders at the level of the CNS, liver, respiratory system, skeletal system
Long-term effects:
Somatic cells:
skin, lung, bone, liver
tumors
Germ cells:
congenital malformations in
the offspring of exposed
individuals

33
Q

Effects of Aliphatic compounds on human health?

A
  • Irritant and phlogogenic for skin and mucous layers
  • Toxic action at the level of the CNS, liver and respiratory system
34
Q

What are the uses of Homocyclic compounds?

A

Benzene and derivatives (C6H6)
massively used in printers, print shops, lithographs

35
Q

What are the effects of Homocyclic compounds on human health?

A

Short-term toxic action:
Irritant, respiratory failure, mood
disorders
Long-term effects:
Bone marrow failure Germ cells
chromosomic aberration
Increased risk of leukemia
in the offspring
- anemia
- thrombocytopenia
- leukopenia
- leukemia

36
Q

Where are Homocyclic compounds are used?

A

Benzopyrene, - Used in road paving, incomplete combustion of organic matter, residues
from cooked-meat with open flames
- Inhaled and/or absorbed by contact from the skin, it accumulates in the
liver where it is processed for its elimination

37
Q

Effects of Homocyclic compounds

A

Short-term toxic action:
-pulmonary emphysema
-chronic bronchitis
-asthma
Long-term effects
Cancerogenic in lung, liver and
skin

38
Q

What are aromatic amines used for?

A
  • Used for the preparation of paints, present in inks used in painting houses. It is
    inhaled and/or absorbed by contact with the skin
  • in the simplest form is toxic but non-carcinogenic
  • carcinogens are some of its derivatives formed by condensation and provided with
    at least two aromatic rings (such as methilenediamine) or from other aromatic
    amines (e.g. naphtylamine) .
39
Q

Effects of aromatic amines on human health?

A
  • Acute toxicity (lungs, skin,…)
  • Bladder cancer
40
Q

What is Formaldehyde used for?

A
  • it is an intermediate in the oxidation (or combustion) of methane, as
    well as of other carbon compounds, e.g. in forest fires, automobile
    exhaust, and tobacco smoke
  • It was used as bactericide and preservative
41
Q

Effects of Formaldehyde on human health?

A

it is a recognized carcinogen for humans
- Nasal-pharyngeal tumor, nasal-sinus tumor, blood and lymphatic cancers
- Irritating to eyes, nose and throat
- Skin sensitizer
- Also associated with asthma and bronchitis.

42
Q

What are heavy metals?

A

Heavy metals are extremely toxic for the environment because they are
bioaccumulated and cause biomagnification phenomena.
(tissue concentrations rise as you move up the food chain)

43
Q

Sources of heavy metal contamination?

A
  • Various industrial processes
  • Thermoelectric power plants
  • Engine exhaust
  • Use of fertilizers
  • Exploitation and subsequent disposal of mines
  • Derived from urban waste burning (incinerators)
44
Q

Toxicity of heavy metals?

A

-accumulated in cells through the interactions with
biomolecules (proteins (enzymes) and nucleic acids)
-strong affinity of the metal cation for the -SH groups of
the amino acid cysteine with the formation of a metal-sulfur complex that may compromise enzymatic
functionality
-native conformation modification (misfolding)
-blocking of functional sites

45
Q

HM such as cadmium, lead, chrome, mercury and arsenic are pollutants often
present in the air due to _____________

A

industrial activity

46
Q

Lead effects on human health?

A

Lead (Pb2+)
- Lead is a readily absorbed metal that binds to sulfhydryl groups in proteins and
interferes with calcium metabolism, effects that cause hematologic, skeletal,
neurologic, gastrointestinal, and renal toxicities
- Lead exposure may occur through contaminated air, food, and water
- many sources of lead in the environment such as from mining, foundries,
batteries, and spray painting that constitute occupational hazards

47
Q

The intoxication resulting from a high exposure to lead is called
____________

A

Saturnism

48
Q

Mercury’s effects on health

A
  • Like lead, mercury also binds to the sulfhydryl groups of some proteins with high
    affinity, causing damage to the CNS and the kidney
  • It is mainly toxic as methylmercury; in this form it is accumulated in fish.
  • Mercury has had many uses throughout history, for example, as a pigment in
    cave paintings, as cosmetic, as remedy for syphilis, and a component of diuretics
49
Q

What causes the Minamata disease(Cerebral palsy, deafness,
blindness, mental retardation, and major CNS defects in infants exposed in utero.
)?

A

Mercury intoxication by eating contaminated fish

50
Q

Sources of Arsenic?

A
  • Arsenic salts interfere with several aspects of cellular metabolism
  • It is found naturally in soil and water and is used in products such as wood
    preservers and herbicides and other agricultural products
  • It may be released into the environment from mines and smelting industries
  • Arsenic trioxide is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia
51
Q

Effects of Arsenic on human health?

A
  • Acute gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and CNS toxicities that are often fatal
  • Interferes with Oxidative Phosphorylation since trivalent arsenic can replace
    the phosphates in ATP
52
Q

What are Organochlorinated compounds?

A
  • Most organochlorines are estrogen mimetic or endocrine-disrupting agents.
  • Once these compounds have penetrated the environment, they are degraded
    with extreme difficulty, with consequent accumulation
53
Q

Dioxin effects on health?

A
  • Human exposure to dioxins occurs almost exclusively through food intake, especially
    meat, fish and dairy products.
  • In cases of exposure of subjects to particularly high concentrations of dioxins
  • reduced fertility
  • development and immune deficiency
  • tumors
    It sems to be associated to the onset of FOLLICULITIS
    Chloracne: Acne, cyst formation, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis around the face
    and behind the ears
54
Q

Soft tissue damage is divided into?

A

Cutaneous or superficial lesions and Deep lesions to organ tissue

55
Q

What is abrasion?

A

superficial and limited lesion affecting the epithelial lining of
the skin or mucous membranes, generally due to mild traumatic causes.

56
Q

What is Laceration?

A

Rupture of a mucous or skin covering, of such intensity as
to leave the underlying connective tissue exposed.

57
Q

What is Engraving?

A

shallow or deep, clean and thin cut, made with a sharp or
pointed instrument.

58
Q

what is contusion?

A

injury to the soft parts of the organism due to traumatic
action of a body, without discontinuity of the skin or mucous covering
(bruised wound) and with extravasation of blood (ecchymosis or, for
greater damage, hematoma)

59
Q

what is a simple fracture?

A

interruption of bone continuity without skin damage or dislocation of the bone
heads

60
Q

what is a Comminuted fracture

A

bone fractured in several parts

61
Q

what is a Displaced fracture?

A

dislocation of the bone stumps

62
Q

What symptoms can head trauma cause?

A
  • physical
  • cognitive
  • social
  • Emotional/behavioral
62
Q

What is an exposed fracture?

A

one or more bone fragments have lacerated the tissues, to the point of
perforating the skin

63
Q

The limit temperature tolerated without burning effects on the
skin surface is below ___?

A

45

64
Q

What is a first degree burn?

A

Epidermis. Painful, doesnt blister, doesnt scar

65
Q

What is a second degree burn?

A

Epidermis and superficial portion of the dermis. Blisters, scars, risk of infection, painful.

66
Q

What is a third degree burn?

A

subcutaneous and muscle involvement . Dry, insensitive to light touch, scars, skin grafting required, high risk of infection.

67
Q

What is a fourth degree burn?

A

involves muscles and bones, loss of the burned part.

General Pathology (16 decks)

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