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ADN 214 > Oncology II > Flashcards

Oncology II Flashcards

1
Q

Standard treatments

A
  • chemotherapy
  • surveillance
  • surgery
  • radiation
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2
Q

Other treatments

A
  • bone marrow transplant
  • gene therapy
  • biological therapy
  • alternative therapy
  • hormone therapy
  • clinical trials
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3
Q

Curative surgery

A

To cure

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4
Q

Prophylactic surgery

A
  • to reduce risk of developing cancer

- “just in case”

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5
Q

Diagnostic surgery

A
  • to biopsy

- may need to open patient “to see what’s happening”

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6
Q

Staging surgery

A
  • to find out the size of the tumor and if/where it has spread
  • during this surgery, the doc often removes some lymph nodes near the cancer to find out if it has spread
  • these results and others often determine treatment
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7
Q

Palliative surgery

A
  • used to relieve side effects caused by a tumor

- improves quality of life

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8
Q

Adjuvant surgery

A
  • to keep cancer from returning
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9
Q

Reconstructive surgery

A
  • to restore body’s appearance or function

- may be done at the same time as curative surgery

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10
Q

What is bone marrow?

A
  • a soft, fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced
  • red marrow (myeloid tissue): RBCs, platelets and most WBCs arise here
  • yellow marrow: contains fat cells, produce some WBCs
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11
Q

Types of bone marrow transplant

A
  • autologous: own cells

- allogenic: families cells or unrelated donor

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12
Q

Bone marrow biopsy

A
  • usually done by aspiration

- from hips, pelvis, sternum or skull

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13
Q

Chemotherapy

A

In chemo, antineoplastic agents are used in an attempt to destroy tumor cells by interfering with cellular functions, including replication

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14
Q

Goals of chemotherapy

A
  • cure
  • control
  • palliation
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15
Q

Adjuvant chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy used after all of the known and visible cancer has been removed surgically or with radiation

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16
Q

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy taking place before surgical extraction of a tumor

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17
Q

Induction chemotherapy

A

The first line treatment of cancer. The goal is to cure the cancer.

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18
Q

Consolidation chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy given once remission is achieved. The goal is to sustain remission.

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19
Q

Maintenance chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy given in lower doses to assist in prolonging a remission.

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20
Q

First line chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy that has, through research studies and clinical trials, been determined to have the best probability of treating a cancer.

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21
Q

Second line chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy that is given if a disease has not responded or has reoccurred after first line chemotherapy.

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22
Q

Palliative chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy that is given specifically to address symptom management without expecting to significantly reduce the cancer.

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23
Q

How can chemotherapy be given to the CSF?

A
  • lumbar puncture (intrathecal)

- ommaya reservoir (intraventrictular)

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24
Q

What drug opens up the blood brain barrier?

A

Mannitol

25
Q

Cell cycle specific drugs

A

Exert an effect within a certain phase of the cell cycle

26
Q

Cell cycle non-specific drugs

A

Exert effects in all phases of the cell cycle, including the G0 resting phase

27
Q

Complete response

A

Tumor disappears, no evidence of disease. Tumor markers WNL.

28
Q

Partial response

A

Tumor markers decrease, tumor shrinks, still evidence of disease.

29
Q

Stable disease

A

Cancer has neither grown nor shrunk

30
Q

Disease progression

A

Cancer has grown, disease is advancing. Tumor markers increase.

31
Q

Side effects of chemo

A
  • Brain fog or “chemo brain“
  • hair loss
  • anxiety and depression
  • mouth sores
  • hot flashes and menopause
  • weakening of the heart muscle
  • lower blood cell count (platelets, RBC, WBC)
  • N/V
  • digestive distress
  • discolored and cracked nails
  • decrease urination and red urine
  • sexual dysfunction
  • bone loss (osteoporosis)
  • poor coordination and muscle fatigue
  • skin sensitivity
  • edema in the hands and feet
32
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes are one of the main types of immune cells, they are divided mainly into B and T cells
33
Q

Reasons for chemotherapy resistance

A
  • gene amplification
  • cancer cells pumping the drug out of the cell as fast as it is going in (p-glycoprotein)
  • cancer cells stop taking in the drugs
34
Q

What is cancer surveillance?

A

Cancer surveillance provides a quantitative portrait of cancer and it’s determinants in a defined population.

35
Q

Types of mastectomies

A
  • partial mastectomy
  • simple mastectomy
  • modified radical mastectomy with lymph nodes removed
  • radical mastectomy with chest muscle removed
36
Q

Partial mastectomy

A

An operation to remove the cancer and some normal tissue around it, but not the breast itself.

37
Q

Simple mastectomy

A

Removal of the entire breast, including the nipple, areola, and most of the overlying skin.

38
Q

Modified radical mastectomy

A

Removal of the entire breast, including the nipple, the areola, the overlying skin, and the lining over the chest muscles. In addition, some of the axillary lymph nodes may be removed.

39
Q

Radical mastectomy

A

Removal of the entire breast, including the nipple, the areola, the overlying skin, the lymph nodes under the arm, and the chest muscles.

40
Q

Graft vs. host disease

A
  • a condition that occurs when donor bone marrow or stem cells attack the recipient
  • can occur immediately after transplant or weeks to months later
41
Q

Gene therapy

A
  • still experimental form of treatment, attempts to introduce genetic material (DNA, RNA) into living cells
  • being studied in clinical trials for many types of cancer
42
Q

What is radiation therapy?

A

The use of various forms of radiation to safely and effectively treat cancer and other diseases.

43
Q

When is radiation therapy used?

A
  • when it is determined to be the best treatment plan for an oncology patient
  • sometimes radiation therapy is the only treatment a patient needs, other times it is combined with other treatments
44
Q

Why are we using radiation therapy?

A

Because it dissolves DNA/RNA, destroys cells, hopefully destroys a tumor.

45
Q

What type of radiation therapy makes a patient radioactive?

A
  • Iodine 131
  • goes to the thyroid
  • patient required to be on strict isolation
46
Q

Types of radiation therapy

A
  • Standard 2D “conventional RT“
  • 3-D – external RT (most common)
  • internal RT
  • Systemic RT
47
Q

Effects of RT

A
  • burns (aquaphor helps)

- weakness/fatigue (hits about four weeks in)

48
Q

Maintenance of RT sites

A
  • no soaps with fragrance
  • no perfumes
  • use lukewarm water with mild soap
  • no ice on radiation burns
49
Q

Biological therapy

A
  • uses living organisms, substances derived from living organisms, or synthetic versions of such substances to treat cancer
  • some types exploit the immune system’s natural ability to detect and kill cancer cells
  • other types target cancer cells directly
50
Q

Alternative/conventional therapy

A

Alternative cancer treatments that will not cure cancer, but will help patients cope with signs and symptoms caused by cancer and cancer treatments.

51
Q

Alternative/conventional therapy examples

A
  • acupuncture
  • aromatherapy
  • exercise
  • hypnosis
  • massage
52
Q

What is hormone therapy?

A

Some cancers use hormones to grow. Hormone therapy for cancer is the use of medicines to block the effects of hormones. It does not work for all types of cancer.

53
Q

Cancers that are hormone sensitive

A
  • breast
  • prostate
  • ovarian
  • uterine/endometrial
  • kidney
54
Q

What are clinical trials?

A

Research studies that explore whether a medical strategy, treatment or device is safe and effective for humans.

55
Q

Cancer clinical trial… Phase 1

A
  • questions are being explored

- What is the best way to get a new treatment?

56
Q

Cancer clinical trial… Phase 2

A
  • the focus is on learning whether the new treatment has an anti-cancer effect on a specific cancer
  • additional info regarding the side effects of the treatment is also obtained
  • only a small number of people included
57
Q

Cancer clinical trial… Phase 3

A
  • a comparison of the results of people taking a new treatment is done with the results of people taking a standard treatment
58
Q

Cancer clinical trial… Phase 4

A

Cancer clinical trials are conducted after treatment has been approved, this provides an opportunity to learn more about the treatment such as the mechanism of action and fine points regarding toxicities.

59
Q

Survivorship

A

The process of living with, through and beyond cancer.

ADN 214 (8 decks)

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