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ADN 214 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • a large group of diseases (over 100 types) characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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2
Q

How is cancer confirmed?

A

Biopsy

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3
Q

How does cancer develop?

A
  • when the body’s normal control mechanisms stop working
  • old cells do not die and cells grow out of control forming new, abnormal cells
  • these extra cells may form a mass of tissue, called a tumor
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4
Q

Kinds of cancers

A
  • carcinomas
  • leukemias
  • lymphomas
  • sarcomas
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5
Q

Carcinomas

A
  • begin in the skin or tissues that line the internal organs
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6
Q

Sarcomas

A
  • develop in the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle or other connective tissues
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7
Q

Leukemia

A
  • begins in the blood and bone marrow
  • most common in children
  • immature WBCs in bloodstream
  • diagnosed by: CBC, bone marrow biopsy
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8
Q

Lymphomas

A
  • start in the immune cells (lymph nodes and tissues)
  • hodgkins and non-hodgkins
  • develops in nodes and glands of the lymphatic system
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9
Q

S/s of cancer

A
  • change in bowel/bladder habits
  • sores that don’t heal
  • unusual bleeding or discharge
  • lumps or thickening of breasts or other part of body
  • indigestion or dysphagia
  • recent changes in wart or mole
  • persistent coughing or hoarseness
    • unintentional weight loss *
  • fever/night sweats
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10
Q

Difference between benign and malignant?

A
  • benign: non cancerous

- malignant: cancerous

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11
Q

Hodgkins vs. non-hodgkins lymphoma

A
  • hodgkins contains the Reed-Sternberg cell
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12
Q

Cancer by site: skin

A
  • three types: basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma

- cancers derived from the epidermal layers with the same names

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13
Q

Cancer by site: lung

A
  • often no symptoms until advanced stage
  • non-small cell: most common (~85%)
  • small-cell: quicker, higher mortality (~10-15%)
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14
Q

Cancer by site: female breast

A
  • most are ducal carcinomas
  • usually > age 50
  • 1 in 8 women
  • women with early menarche, late menopause at higher risk
  • breastfeeding lowers risk
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15
Q

Cancer by site: prostate

A
  • mainly in older men

- as men age, prostate may enlarge and block urethra or bladder causing difficulty in urination or sexual function (BPH)

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16
Q

Cancer by site: colon and rectum

A
  • of large intestine cancers: ~70% in colon, ~30% in rectum
  • third most common overall
  • s/s: bloody stool, change in bowel habits
17
Q

Cancer by site: uterus

A
  • most common gynecological malignancy
  • usually >40 years of age, most frequently >60
  • s/s: abnormal uterine bleeding
18
Q

What causes cancer?

A
  • lifestyle
  • environment
  • family hx
19
Q

Lifestyle risks

A
  • smoking
  • diet high in fat and low in fruits and veggies
  • lack of exercise
  • unprotected exposure to sun, UV rays
  • obesity
20
Q

Environmental risks

A
  • secondhand smoke
  • air pollution
  • industrial pollution
  • chemical exposures
21
Q

Inherited risks

A
  • less than 15% of cancers inherited
  • gene mutations linked to some inherited cancers
  • cancers linked to inherited gene mutations: colon, breast, ovarian, prostate, skin
22
Q

Cancers you can be screened for

A
  • colon
  • breast
  • cervical
  • prostate
  • testicular
  • skin
23
Q

Colon cancer screening guidelines

A
  • age > 50, unless family hx
  • yearly fecal occult blood
  • flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
  • double-contrast barium enema every 5 years
  • colonoscopy every 10 years
24
Q

Breast cancer screening guidelines

A
  • yearly mammograms starting at 50
  • clinical breast exam every three years from 20-50, every year at 50 and beyond
  • report any breast change promptly
  • family hx should start mammograms earlier plus additional tests
25
Q

Cervical cancer screening guidelines

A
  • annual pap starting at sexual activity or 18

- investigate pros and cons of HPV vaccine

26
Q

Prostate cancer screening guidelines

A
  • test PSA

- doc performs DRE, recommended yearly >50 years

27
Q

Testicular cancer screening guidelines

A
  • recommended self-exams and by doc during routine checkups

- any unusual mass should be reported to doc immediately

28
Q

Skin cancer screening guidelines

A
  • patients should perform monthly self-exams
  • ABCD’s of melanoma: asymmetry, border (jagged or irregular), color, diameter (larger than 8mm)
  • protect skin w hats, sleeves, sunscreen
  • become familiar w moles, freckles, other abnormalities
  • report changes immediately
29
Q

Cancer fighting substances in foods

A
  • antioxidants
  • dietary fiber
  • carotenoids
  • flavonoids
30
Q

Limit alcohol to no more than

A
  • men: 2 drinks per day

- women: 1 drink per day

31
Q

Normal WBC count

A

4.5-11

32
Q

Normal platelet count

A

150,000-400,000

ADN 214 (8 decks)

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