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Phase 3a > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a neuroblastoma

A

Tumours arising from the neural crest tissue in the adrenal mudulla and sympatetic nervous system

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2
Q

what is the name of a benign version of a neuroblastoma

A

Galnglioneuroma

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3
Q

what is the presentation of a neuroblastoma

A

mass

  • anywhere on sympathetic nervous system
  • or on the adrenal glands (abdo mass)

bone pain

red flags

hepatomegaly

limp/paraplegia (spinal cord compression)

cervicle lymphadenopathy

perioorbital bruising

skin nodules

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4
Q

how would you diagnose a neuroblastoma

A

CT/MRI

urinalysis (catecholamine)

Biopsy

Bone Marrow Samples

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5
Q

what is the management of a neuroblastoma

A

surgery

chemo

radio

immunotherapy

+stem cell rescue

+long term retinoic acid

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6
Q

what is a hepatoblastoma

A

uncommon liver cancer presenting in children over 3y

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7
Q

what are the types of hepatoblastoma

A

epithelial

mesenchimal

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8
Q

what is the presentation of a hepatoblastoma

A

painless abdo mass

+/-

jaundice, back pain, caput medusae, fever, N+V

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9
Q

how do you diagnose a hepatoblastoma

A

bloods:increase in alpha fetoprotein

MRI

Biospy

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10
Q

how do ou treat a hepatoblastoma

A

surgey

chemo

liver transplant

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11
Q

at what age do bone tumours usually present

A

post puberty

before then malignant bone tumours are uncommon

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12
Q

what are types of bone tumour

A

Ewing Sarcoma (children - uncommon)

Osteogenic sarcome (teens - common)

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13
Q

what is the presentation of bone tumours

A

persistent localised bone pain

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14
Q

how would you diagnose bone tumours

A

X RAY

MRI

PET/BONE SCAN

CHEST X RAY ?METS

BONE MARROW SAMPLING

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15
Q

what XRAY findings would be present for bone tumpurs

A

destruction/boney lesions

variable periosteal bone formation

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16
Q

how do you manage bone tumours

A

combination chemo

surgery

ewings sarcome = radiotherapy esp in pelvix and axial skeleton

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17
Q

what are the subtypes of leukaemia

A

acute lymphoblastic

acute myeoloid

chronic lymphoblastic

chronci myeliod

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18
Q

what are the cells involved in ALL

A

froliferation of blast cells (immature B and T cells)

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19
Q

which leukemia commonly affects children

A

ALL

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20
Q

how does childhood leukaemia usually present

A

insidious

lethargy

febrile

aches

easy bruising

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21
Q

what investigations are required + what are the results

A

bloods: - Hb - Platelets + blast cells

bone marrow aspirate

C X ray: may show mediastinal mass of T cell disease

22
Q

what is the management of T cell leukaemia

A

fluids

allopurinol

blood transfusions

chemo with then profylactic chemo + co trioxazol for 3y

intrathecal chemo if CNS is involved

23
Q

give an overview of other leukaemias (not ALL)

A
24
Q

what is Hodkins lymphoma

A

malignancy of B + T lymphocytes

25
Q

at what age does Hodkins present

A

teens

26
Q

what is the presentation of Hodkins

A

Painless lymphadenopathy

hard and V large lymph nodules (can cause airway obstruction)

red flags may be present - but uncommon

27
Q

how do you diagnose Hodkins

A

ymph node biopsy

radiologial assessment of all lymph node sites

bone marrow biopsy for staging

28
Q

how do you treat Hodkins

A

chemo and radio

29
Q

how do you monitor progess of Hodkins

A

PET scans

30
Q

what is the prognosis of Hodkins

A

if simple = 80% recovery

if disseminated = 60%

31
Q

what are the 5 types of chilhood brain tumour

A

astrocytoma

medullablastoma

ependymoma

brainstem glioma

Craniopharangioma

32
Q

what is an astrocytoma (brain tumour)

A

originates from a type of glial cell called astrocytes

33
Q

what is a medulla blastoma

A

originates from midline of posterior fossa

can have spinal mes through CSF seeding(20%)

34
Q

what is an ependymoma

A

a tumour arising from CNS tissue

35
Q

what is a craniopharangioma

A

a developmental tumour originating from Rathkes Pouch remenant

36
Q

what is the presentation of a brian tumour

A

raised IC signs and Sx

Persistent back pain

periferal weakness of arms and legs

Bladder and bowel dysfunction

37
Q

how do oyu diagnose a brain tumour

A

mri

and

magnetic resonance spectroscopy

38
Q

what is magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A

examine the biological activity of a tumour

39
Q

what is the management of a brain tumour

A

surgery + tissue sample + histology

radio w or w/o chemo

40
Q

what is a retinoblastoma

A

malignant tumour of retinal cells

41
Q

what are the types of retinoblastoma

A

bilateral (usually hereditary)

Unilateral

42
Q

what are future risks of retinoblastoma which is herediatary

A

increased risk of sarcoma

43
Q

what is the presentation of a retinoblastoma

A

white pupillary reflex

squint

44
Q

at what age does retinoblastoma ususally present

A

think of that baby photo case on the news

younger or around 3 y

45
Q

how would oyu diagnose a retinoblastoma

A

MRI

OPthalmology under anasthesia

NO BIOPYSY

46
Q

how do you manage a retinoblastoma

A

lazer therapy +/- chemo or radio

enucleation of the eye

47
Q

what is a wilms tumour

A

a nephroblastoma

originating from embryonal renal tissue

is the commonest childhood tumour

48
Q

at what age do wilms tumour present

A

5y+

49
Q

what is the presentation of a wilms tumour

A

large abdominal mass in well child

sometimes (rarely)

can present with Anorexia

Abdo pain

Haematuria

50
Q

how would you diagnose a wilms tumour

A

US

(CT/MRI)

x ray chest - looking for lung mets

check function of other kidney

51
Q

how would you manage a wilms tumour

A

chemo

nephrectomy

radio in advanced disease

52
Q
A

Phase 3a (22 decks)

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