Oncology Flashcards
What are the stages of cancer treatment?
primary prevention, secondary prevention, 1st/2nd/3rd line treatments, end of life care
what is primary prevention and secondary prevention?
1st: screenings, genetic counselling, healthy lifestyle
2nd: early detection, diagnostics
what is involved in 1st/2nd/3rd line treatment?
establish stage/grade of cancer, treatment goals, symptom management, interdisciplinary care
what is palliative vs hospice
palliative: symptom management
hospice: less than 6mo
compare benign vs malignant tumors
- well differentiated cells vs undifferentiated
- doesnt infiltrate other tissues vs does
- grows slowly vs fast
- no mets vs mets
- localised vs systematic
- typically doesnt cause cell death vs will
what are the 7 warning signs of cancer?
- change in bowel and bladder habits
- a sore that doesn’t heal
- unusual bleeding/discharge
- thickening or lump in body
- indigestion/difficulty swallowing
- obvious change in mole
- nagging cough
What is the assessment of cancer?
7 warning signs, physical exam, scans, biopsy to stage tumor, blood work to test for specific markers, cytogenetics
explain cancer grading?
1-4: well differentiated and resemble tissue of origin - anaplastic/undifferentiated and little resemblence
TNM classification: Tx/Nx/Mx?
cannot be assessed adequetely/”/not assessed
TNM classification: T/N/M?
tumor nodes metastasis
TNM classification: T0/N0/M0
no evidence of /”/no distant
TNM classification: Tis?
carcinoma in situ
what is radiation dermatitis?
from cancer radiation, site specific, mild dryness, redness, itchi
Main features of chemo
interferes with cell cycle especially replication
Main features of immunotherapy
stimulates/supresses specific components of immune system to attack tumor
hormone therapy drug for breast tumor?
Tamoxifen
hormone therapy for prostrate cancer?
lupron
feature of bone marrow/stem cell transplants?
-pt administered radiation and chemo to destroy bone marrow
-once eradicated, donation is transplanted into patient and replace immune system
-often used for leukemia
what is thrombocytopenia and its treatment
cancer side effect: platelet <50K
- Interleukin II growth factor increases platelet production
- Platelet transfusion
- assess for bleeding and MS changes
features of anemia and treatment
HCT <25% or HGB <8gm
- fatigue and syncope risk
- erythropoietin stimulates RBC production
- PRBC transfusion (HCT increase 1%, HGB 1 gm for each unit)
- SOB
features of neutropenia and treatment
cancer complication: ANC 1500 is MILD, 1000-1500 MODERATE, 500-1000 SEVERE, <500 LIFE THREATENING
- infection risk
- neutropenic precautions
- prophylactic treatment for infection
- Neupogen increases WBC production
describe cardiac impairment as cancer complication
chemo can cause cardiotoxicity
- monitor ECG and Sx
- Zinecard/Dexrazoxane is cardioprotective
clinical manifestations of cancer?
renal impairment, hemorrhagic cystitis, neurological toxicities, electrolyte imbalances, malabsorption, alopecia
Drug used to treat neuropathic pain
gabapentin
What is tumor lysis syndrome and what does it do
tumor cells releasing contents into bloodstream, can cause low calcium and high potsssium
drug given for hemorrhagic cystitis?
mesna
age that breast screening begins
40 if they wish, otherwise 45
types of breast cancer surgery?
lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, modified/halsted radical masectomy (dissection of axillary lymph nodes in addition to breast)
what arm position post-op breast cancer?
elevated to reduce swelling, dont use for bp or ivs, ROM performed regularly to prevent lympedema
long term hormone therapy for post op breast cancer?
tamoxifen, raloxifene, armoasin
immunotherapy for post op breast cancer?
herceptin
