Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Exam 3 - AH > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is LES?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter - a ring of muscle that forms a valve at the lower end of the esophagus where it joins the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Achalasia and its S/Sx?

A

Spasm of the LES and dilation of lower esophagus
S/Sx: dysphagia, pain, aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is nutcracker esophagus and S/Sx?

A

excessive contractions in the smooth muscle of the esophagus and the stomach
S/Sx: dysphagia, chest pain, odynophagia (painful swallowing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the medication treatment for achalasia & nutcracker esophagus?

A

Nitrates: NTG SL
Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil (relaxes esophagus/stomach muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the diagnostics used for achalasia & nutcracker esophagus?

A

Barium swallow (esophagogram), CT, endoscopy, manometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the treatment and nursing intervention for Achalasia and nutcracker esophagus?

A

treatment: pneumatic dilation, surgery, meds/botox

nursing intervention: education (eat slowly and have fluids w/meals, assess for complications after procedures/surgeries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

part of the stomach bulging into the chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain assessment and S/Sx of sliding hiatal hernias?

A

pyrosis, dyspepsia, regurgitation, dysphagia, belching, nausea, bloating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain assessment and S/Sx of paraesophagael hernias?

A

feeling of fullness and breathlessness after eating, feeling of suffocation, chest pain (mimics angina), worsening of symptoms in recumbent position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the diagnostics of hiatal hernias?

A

barium swallow with flouroscopy, EGD, chest CT scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the surgical intervention for hiatial hernia?

A

Nissen Fundoplication Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the nursing interventions for hiatal hernia?

A
  • frequent small feedings
  • educate pt not to recline for 1 hour post meal
  • educate to elevate HOB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the post-op interventions for nissen fundoplication surgery?

A
  • NG tube care
  • monitor for complications e.g. abdominal bloat syndrome, anastomatic leak
  • diet/meds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What age group is most commonly affected by GERD?

A

middle to older adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the pathophysiology of GERD?

A

Can occur from: incompetent LES and hiatial hernia’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the S/Sx of GERD?

A
  • dyspepsia (indigestion/heartburn)
  • dysphagia
  • pyrosis (burning sensation in ES)
  • odynophagis (painful swallowing)
  • reflus
  • esophagitis
  • eructation
  • water brash (hypersalivation)
  • N/V, weight loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the complications of GERD?

A
  • esophageal strictures
  • barrett’s esophagus
  • bronchospasm
  • aspiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What factors exacerbate GERD?

A
  • recumbent position
  • large meals
  • alcohol
  • caffeine
  • nicotine
  • mint
  • carbonated/acidic food & bev
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the diagnostic tool used for GERD?

A

endoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the medication treatment for GERD?

A

PPI: give before meals
H2 blockers: dont give at same time as PPI
Antacids: PRN
Prokinetic agents: GI stimulants
Anti-gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the bed positioning for GERD?

A

Elevate HOB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the symptoms of esophageal cancer?

A

dysphagia (first with solids, then liquids), reflux, weight loss, mass sensation in throat, painful swallowing, substernal pain or fullness, regurgitation of undigested food, hiccups, halitosis, complete obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the diagnostics for esophageal cancer?

A

Barium swallow, EGD, CT, PET (to look for mets), endoscopic US (to detect spread to lymph)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the treatment for esophageal cancer?

A

Early detection can be cured, however it is often detected late.
- Symptom management
- surgery
- radiation, chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How long after chemo/radiation is esophagectomy performed?
5-6
26
What are the nursing interventions pre-op esophagectomy?
nutrition management: need high protein/calories to increase weight. PEG or JT may be used 2-3 weeks prior to surgery pt education: possible chest tube, NGT, TN, gastric intubation, neck/ab incisions
27
What position prevents reflux?
Fowlers
28
What are the post-op priorities for esophagectomy?
respiratory (usually intubated), cardiac (hypotension), wound/drain management, NGT care, slow reintroduction of feeds
29
What are the post op complications for esophagectomy?
atelectasis, Pulmonary edema, pain, infection, anastomatic leak, bleeding, aspiration, wound/drain management, nutrition, dysrythmias, DVT
30
What is gastritis?
Inflammation of gastric mucosa (stomach lining), disruption of protective layer. Damage occurs through HCL acid, pepsin
31
What are the risk factors for gastritis?
alcohol, smoking, NSAIDS, ASA, corticosteroids, physiological stress, H pylori infection
32
What are the S/Sx of gastritis?
pain, N/V, upper GI bleed
33
What are the diagnostics for gastritis?
endoscopy, anti-H pylori antibodies (IgG), H+H
34
What is the treatment for gastritis?
treat H pylori, PPI, eliminate causative factors
35
What is the treatment for H Pylori?
10-14 day course of Triple therapy: Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin (Biaxin), PPI OR Quadruple therapy: PPI, tetracycline, metronidazole (flagyl), bismuth
36
Chronic gastritis causes which vitamin deficiency?
B12 deficiency and iron malabsorption
37
What is peptic ulcer disease?
Complete erosion of GI mucosa
38
What are the three types of peptic ulcers?
gastric, duodenal, stress
39
What are the notable features of gastric ulcers?
-pain aggravated by food -associated with NSAIDS -pain left of the midline/upper epigastrium
40
What are the notable features of duodenal ulcers?
- pain between meals -relieved with food/antacids -pain right of epigastrium
41
What is the etiology of stress ulcers?
transient ischemia associated with hypotension, burns, trauma etc
42
What are the risk factors for peptic ulcer disease?
-NSAIDS, ASA, corticosteroids -H Pylori -ETOH -Tobacco -not food associated -zollinger-ellison syndrome
43
What are the complications of peptic ulcer disease?
GI bleed, perforation, gastric outlet obstruction
44
What are the diagnostics for peptic ulcer disease?
-endoscopy -biopsy -H pylori IgG, CBC, CMP, Amylase Lipase
45
What is the treatment for peptic ulcer disease?
PPI, sucralfate, H pylori therapy, lifestyle modification, surgery (rare)
46
What are the S/Sx of upper GI bleed due to peptic ulcer disease?
upper GI bleed is LIFE THREATENING (6-10% mortality) -hematemesis, coffee ground emesis, melena, syncope, anemia
47
What is the management for upper GI bleed?
-vitals, labs (CBC, CMP, ABG, PT/INR, aPTT) -hemodynamic stabilisation, fluid replacement, transfusions -CVP monitoring, H+H every 6h -UO, O2, PPI's, prep for endoscopy and surgery
48
Explain the peptic ulcer disease complication: Perforation?
Spillage of GI contents into peritoneum
49
What are the S/Sx of PUD complication perforation?
-sudden sever pain radiating to shoulder - board-like abdomen - absence of bowel sounds
50
What can PUD perforation lead to?
perforation is a surgical emergency to prevent Bacterial peritonitis
51
What is the post-op care for PUD perforation?
-broad spectrum antibiotics -NPO, NGT (to decompress) -incision/drain management -IV fluids/FBC/electrolytes -pain -prevent complications
52
Explain the PUD complication: gastric outlet obstruction?
Inflammation/edema of pylorus
53
What is the treatment for gastric outlet obstruction?
NGT, replace fluids/electrolytes, surgery may be needed
54
What are the three surgerys used to treat PUD?
-Billroth I (gastroduodenostomy) -Billroth II (gastrojejunostomy) -Vagotomy
55
What is Billroth I?
Gastroduodenostomy: partial gastrectomy with anastomosis to duodenum
56
What is Billroth II?
Partial gastrectomy with anastomosis to jejunum
57
What is a vagotomy?
Severing of branches of vagus nerve (cutting the branch of the vagus nerve that tells stomach to secrete gastric acid)
58
What is the post-op management for gastric resection?
-pain, atelectasis risk, PNA -abdominal distension, leaks, ileus
59
What are the risk factors for gastric cancer?
Diet: smoked, salted, pickled foods, diet low in fruit & veg Lifestyle: smoking Other: chronic inflammation of stomach, H. pylori infection, pernicious anemia, genetics, gastric ulcers, previous gastrectomy
60
What is the diagnostics and treatment for gastric cancer?
EGD w/biopsy, CT Possible surgery (billroth I/II) or chemo (palliative)
61
What is dumping syndrome?
A complication of gastric surgery: chyme entry to intestine not controlled (food moves from stomach to small bowel too quickly after eating) Hyperosmolar bolus enters intestine: large fluid shift results in hypotension and diarrhea
62
What is postprandial hypoglycemia?
"reactive" hypoglycemia: bolus of carbs result in insulin surge post meal (blood sugar drops after meal)
63
What is barretts esophagus
inflammation causing cellular alteration in esophageal lining, precancerous

Exam 3 - AH (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions