Oncology Flashcards
What are the 2 Types of ALL
b-cell
T-cell
Whats the pathophysiology of ALL?
stem cell DNA mutations cause hyper proliferation of WBC - excessive production of immature blast cells
Environmental risk factors of developing cancer in children
Radiation
Infection
Parental smoking during pregnancy
Known genetic risk factors
Down’s syndrome- increase risk of leukaemia
Familial retinoblastoma
Which types of childhood cancers are caused by infections
Berkitts lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - EBV
Hepatocellular carcinoma - hep B
Kaposi sarcaom HHV8
What is a paraneoplastic phenomena
Symptoms that are not directly attributable to the tumour but arise as part of body’s response to disease
w.g. pain, lethargy, pallor
What is opsoclonus-myoclonus -ataxia syndrome?
Dancing eyes
Example of paraneoplastic phenomenon
Caused by neuroblastoma
Abnormal eye jerking
What is the treatment for opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome?
immunosuppression
Presentation of pancytopenia in children with malignancy
Pallor/ lethargy - low Hb
Recurrent fever/ infection - low WBC
Bruising or petechiae - low PLTS
Lymphadenopathy/ unexplained mass presentation
Lymph node with diameter greater than 2cm
Non-tener, ruberò, hard or fixed
Supraclavicular or axillary location
Systemic symptoms - fever/ weight loss/ night sweats
Respiratory symptoms
Orthopneoa
Reduced a/e - pleural effusion
Presentation if bone and joint pain
Persistent back pain
Night pain
Reluctance to weight-bear or new limp
Presentation if abdominal mass
General malaise - neuroblastoma
HTN - Wilms or neuroblastoma
Presentation if raised intracranial pressure
Heachache
Papilloedema
III and VI cn palsies
Neurological signs
cerebellar signs
Visual disturbances
What should you investigate if suspecting liver tumour or malignant germ cell tumour?
Alpha-fetoprotein AFP
b-human chorionic gonadotrophin B-HCG
What is AFP associated with
Epithelial liver tumours
Hepatiblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma
Yolk sac tumours
Embryonaly carcinoma
What is G1 in the cell cycle
‘Gap phase’ - synthesis of the components required for DNA synthesis
What is S phase in cell cycle
DNA synthesis phase before second gap phase G2
What happens in G2
Cell prepares for mitosis
What happens in M phase of cell cycle
Final phase - actively replication cells is mitotic phase
What is G0 in cell cycle
Rest phase
How does vincristine work?
block the function of the spindle apparatus required for mitosis
How does etoposide work?
Causes DNA stand breaks or directly damage DNA by forming crosslinks