Oncology Flashcards
State 2 strict controls of the cell cycle
Prevent cells with damaged or faulty DNA from further dividing
Controlled cell death if DNA damage is irreparable
Describe cell cycle regulation x2
Balance between division and death of cells
Limitations in proliferation due to physical boundaries and regulatory proteins
Pathogenesis of cancer x2
Loss of function of tumor suppressor genes
Gain of function of oncogenes
Describe benign and malignant 4
Benign- well circumscribed, slow growing, non invasive, non metastatic tumor
Malignant- Not well organized, irregularly shaped, fast growing, infiltrative growth, metastatic cancer
State 5 factors that limit cell proliferation
Physical boundaries
Tissue pressure/ contact inhibition
Growth factors
Regulatory proteins
Tumor suppressor genes
Factors involved in the conversion of a normal cell to a cancer cell x6
Autocrine stimulation in the absence of growth factors
Resistance to cell death
Permissive environment
Lack of contact inhibition
Rapid growth
Angiogenesis
Hallmarks of cancer x6
Avoid immune destruction
Evasion of growth suppression
Resist cell death
Sustained proliferation
Invasion and metastasis
Altered metabolism
4 determinants of cure rate
Access to diagnosis
Access to treatment
Success rate of treatment
Overall cure rate
Delays in cancer diagnosis are related to x6
Age of child
Type of cancer
Tumor site
Stage of cancer
Presenting symptoms
First medical specialty consulted
Describe the red reflex
A reflection of light in the ocular fundus which is normally red in color.
Abnormal findings- absence or asymmetrical
Cancers presenting with abdominal mass x5
Hodgkin lymphoma
Germ cell tumors
Burkitt lymphoma
Neuroblastoma
Wilms tumor
Cancer presenting with Neck mass x3
HL, Burkitt, Kaposi sarcoma
Cancer presenting with jaw mass x2
Burkitt, rhabdomyosarcoma
Cancer presenting with periorbital mass x3
Retinoblastoma, Burkitt, Rhabdomyosarcoma
Cancer presenting with extremity mass x2
Bone tumor
Rhabdomyosarcoma
State 4 oncological emergencies
Hyperleukocytosis
Mediastinal masses
Electrolyte derangements
Elevated intracranial pressure
Define tumor lysis syndrome, its causes and effects x5
Rapid destruction of tumor cells which results in massive release of intracellular components
Cause- initiation of cytotoxic therapy
Effects- acute kidney injury, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia
State 3 non invasive imaging techniques
CT, MRI, PET - Positron emission tomographic scan
Types of biopsies x4
FNA
Core needle biopsy- image guided
Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy
Excisional biopsy of affected LN
Treatment of cancer x6
Surgical intervention
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Immunotherapy
Gene therapy
Stem cell and bone marrow transplants
Types of surgical intervention x7
Primary tumor resection
Diagnostic, prophylactic, palliative, reconstructive, metastasectomy, cytoreduction
Describe how chemotherapy and radiation work
Chemotherapy- interfere with cellular function and reproduction
Radiotherapy- DNA damage of cancer cell and destroy ability to reproduce
Cancer supportive care x6
Antibiotics
Transfusions
IV fluids
Palliative care
Prevention of nausea and vomiting
Prevention of tumor lysis syndrome
