Allergies and Skin

Question 1

State atopic triad

Answer 1

Asthma
Allergies
Atopic dermatitis

Question 2

Risk factors of developing allergies x6

Answer 2

Family history
Male sex, first born
Birth during pollen season
Maternal smoking exposure
Exposure to outdoor allergens

Question 3

Physical exam features in people with allergies x6

Answer 3

Allergic shiners
Allergic salute
Clear rhinorrhea
Highly arched palate
Pale blue nasal mucosa
Cobblestoneing - hyperplastic lymphoid tissue

Question 4

Treatment of allergies x5

Answer 4

Avoid trigger
Antihistamines - cetirizine and loratadine
Antihistamine nasal spray
Glucocorticoid nasal spray

Question 5

Define anaphylaxis and its danger signs in resp system x5

Answer 5

A severe life threatening allergic reaction
Stridor/wheezing
Poor perfusion
Dysarthria- slurred speech
Cyanosis
Dyspnea

Question 6

Treatment of anaphylaxis x5

Answer 6

Adrenaline 0,01mg/kg
Oxygen via mask
Fluid bolus for poor perfusion
Salbutamol for bronchospasm
Recumbent position improves oxygenation
H1 and H2 antihistamines, glucocorticoids

Question 7

State the cause of scarlet fever and describe its appearance

Answer 7

Group A streptococcus
Diffuse erythema rash in creases
Sandpaper feeling

Question 8

3 complications of scarlet fever

Answer 8

Peritonsillar abscess
Rheumatic fever
Glomerulonephritis

Question 9

Features of staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome x5

Answer 9

Tender erythroderma > flaccid bullae ie blisters
Positive Nikolsky sign
Perioral and perinasal peeling
Purulent rhinorrhea
Conjunctivitis

Question 10

Causes of toxic shock syndrome x3

Answer 10

Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 produced by S.aureus

Streptococcus pyogenes exotoxins produced by group A strep

Staphylococcal enterotoxins

Question 11

Clinical feature of toxic shock syndrome x5

Answer 11

Rash, hypotension, diarrhea, emesis, sunburn like erythroderma

Question 12

Complications and treatment of toxic shock syndrome 2x2

Answer 12

Shock, multisystem organ dysfunction
Penicillin and clindamycin if GAS suspected
IV antibiotics S aureus

Question 13

Describe features of meningococcemia x4

Answer 13

Erythematous
Discrete papules
Petechiae
Purpura

Question 14

Complications of meningococcemia x6

Answer 14

Shock
Meningitis
Pericarditis
Endopthalmitis
Gangrene
Disseminate intravascular coagulation

Question 15

Treatment of meningococcemia x4

Answer 15

Rifampicin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, penicillin

Question 16

State complications of measles rubeola x5

Answer 16

Otitis
Pneumonia
Laryngotracheitis
Thrombocytopenia
Febrile seizures

Question 17

Clinical features of measles rubeola x5

Answer 17

Confluent maculopapular rash which begins in face
Uncomfortable appearance
Fine desquamation
Brown color
Photophobia

Question 18

Treatment of measles rubeola explained

Answer 18

Vitamin A because its an immunomodulator and boosts antibody response

Question 19

Prodrome of measles rubella x5

Answer 19

Malaise, fever
Post auricular, cervical and occipital lymphadenopathy

Question 20

4 complications of measles rubella

Answer 20

Arthritis
Encephalopathy
Thrombocytopenia
Fetal embryopathy

Question 21

Cause of mononucleosis and how its transmitted x3

Answer 21

Epstein Barr virus
Close contact, saliva and blood transfusion

Question 22

Clinical features of mononucleosis x5

Answer 22

Hepatosplenomegaly
Atypical lymphocytosis
Maculopapular or morbilliform
Sore throat
Adenopathy

Question 23

Complications of mononucleosis

Answer 23

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatitis, splenic rupture, lymphoproliferative syndrome

Question 24

The cause of erythema infectiosum and how its transmitted x3

Answer 24

Human parvovirus B19
Respiratory droplets, blood transfusion, placenta

Question 25

Complications of erythema infectiosum x4

Answer 25

Arthritis
Vasculitis
Aplastic crisis in SCD
Fetal anemic hydrops
Bone marrow suppression and reticulocytopenia

Question 26

Complications of chicken pox x5

Answer 26

Arthritis
Cerebellar ataxia
Thrombocytopenia
Encephalitis
Staph and strep skin infection

Question 27

4 functions of filaggrin

Answer 27

Promotes skin hydration
Modulates immune function
Increases epidermal differentiation
Promote barrier function- prevent water loss and blocks entry of foreign substances

Question 28

Causes of skin barrier abnormality in AD x5

Answer 28

Increased serine (amino acid) protease
Tight junction disorder
Decreased filaggrin and ceramides ie oils
Decreased serine protease inhibitors
Decreased antimicrobial peptides

Question 29

3 factors involved in pathogenesis of AD

Answer 29

Environment
Alteration in skin microbiome
Decreased barrier function of skin

Question 30

Risk factors of AD x3

Answer 30

Family history of AD
Personal history of atopy
Urban environment

Question 31

Clinical presentation of eczema x5

Answer 31

Erythema
Crusting
Exudation
Lichenification
Papular/follicular lesions

Question 32

Comorbidities of AD x4

Answer 32

Asthma
Food allergy
Allergic rhinitis
Sleep disruption

Question 33

AD characteristics by age

Answer 33

Infant- extensor surfaces
Childhood- flexural areas
Adolescent- periorbital, perioral, dorsal areas

Question 34

Non infectious differentials for AD x3

Answer 34

Psoriasis
Photodermatitis
Contact dermatitis

Question 35

Side effects of topical steroids x4

Answer 35

Skin atrophy
Telangiectasias - dilated small blood vessels on skin
Acneiform lesions - papule acne like rash
Hypertrichosis - abnormal growth of hair anywhere in body

Question 36

Management of AD x3

Answer 36

Regular bathing with lukewarm water
Moisturizing at least twice a day
Topical corticosteroids and wet wraps