Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR 326 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

sequence of growth stages that a cell moves through for mitosis and regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle

A

stage G0: cell at rest
stage G1: cell prepares for DNA replication, proto onco genes are activated
stage S: structures move to opposite poles in preparation for division
stage G2: cells prepare to divide
stage M: cell undergoes mitosis, result 2 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do cancer cells disregard in the cell cycle

A

no check points
- no DNA errors recognized
- no apoptosis
cells disregard growth inhibitors released by neighboring cells
proliferate to the point of overcrowding that inc the likelihood a cancer cell breaking free and traveling
moving unpredictably

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is immune surveillance

A

healthy human body surveys the body for foreign substances (non self antigens)
- body will initiate attack to destroy invading substance
- w age, immune system and response declines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is differentiation

A

the amount a cancer cells look normal cells
- resemble normal cells structurally, functionally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the lack of differentiation called

A

anaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is anaplasia

A

total cellular disorganization, abnormal cell appearance and cell dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a benign tumor

A

well differentiated cancer cells that resembles tissue or organ
- slow, progressive
- cohesive cells, often encapsulated
- no metastasis
- no necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a malignant tumor

A

lack of differentiated cells that doesn’t resemble tissue of organ
- erratic growth, slow and rapid
- invasive and infiltrating, surrounding normal tissue
- frequent metastasis
- can have necrotic core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what rules do cancer cells break

A

contact inhibition: impedes on space
cohesiveness: leaves
communication: little to none
proliferation control: immortal or die unpredictable
proliferation rate: depends on proliferation
self HLA antigens: non self markers, dec attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the physiological differences between normal and cancer cell

A

large number of dividing cells
large variably nucleus
large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
variation in size and shape
loss of normal cell features
disorganized arrangement
poorly defined tumor boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a biological marker

A

biological substances that shed off tumors that are measurable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of substance is a tumor marker

A

hormones
enzymes
antigens
genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where can tumor markers be found

A

blood
urine
cerebral spinal fluid
tumor plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are tumor markers useful for

A

screening
diagnostic tests–> no always indicative of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are examples of tumor markers

A

PSA
BRCA gene mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the TNM system

A

grading system of malignant tumors
- grade I: cells are well differentiated
- grade II: cells are moderately differentiated
- grade III: poorly differentiated, anaplastic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

in the TNM system how are tumors staged/graded

A

size, invasiveness, spread
T: size, location, involvement (early or late stages)
N: lymph node involvement (no spread, close spread, regional, etc)
M: metastasis (yes or no)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the 4 stage classification

A

staging for cancer
stage 1: confined to organ or origin, no lymph nodes
stage 2: locally invasive, some local lymph nodes
stage 3: regionally spread to nearby, numerous lymph nodes affected
stage 4: spread to distant sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is carcinogenesis

A

origin of cancer
- cancer is a problem with gene expression
- looks at genes, carcinogens, promoters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the four phases of carcinogenesis

A

initiation: alterations, changes, mutations that respond spontaneously to exposure of carcinogenic agent
promotion: actively proliferating cells accumulate
progression: further mutation, inc risk of metastasis
metastasis: spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cancer genetics are

A

hereditary
sporadic–> acquired during a persons lifetime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are genetic mechanisms that control cell division

A

tumor supressor genes
oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a tumor suppressor gene

A

genes that function to restrain cell growth
- become inactivated in cancer cells
- “break not working”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is an proto-oncogene

A

controls cell growth by telling it when to grow and divide, stimulates and regulates movement through the cell cycle
- mutated proto-oncogenes = oncogenes –> unrelenting cell proliferation and cell cycling
- growth signal is permanently on
- “gas pedal stuck”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does the gene p53 do?

A

controls cellular apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is a carcinogen

A

substance that cause development of cancer due to altered DNA
- damage is cumulative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the classifications of carcinogens

A

known
probable
possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are promoters

A

agents that promote development of cancer
- ex: diet, alc, tobacco, hormones

30
Q

what is viral induced cancer

A

viral insertion of DNA into host which can activate the growth promoting pathways or inhibition of tumor suppression in infected cells

31
Q

what is necessary for a cancer cell to metastasize

A

ability to develop blood vessels
- gives themselves a vascular supply

32
Q

how do cancer cells develop new blood vessels

A

vascular endothelia growth factor

33
Q

what is a primary tumor

A

site of origin

34
Q

what is a secondary tumor

A

where the cancer has spread
- will look like cancer cells from site of origin

35
Q

what is seeding

A

tumor erodes and sheds into body’s cavity
- ex: pancreas cancer spreads to peritoneum

36
Q

what is implantation

A

direct expansion of the tumor to adjoining tissue
- ex: prostate cancer to bladder

37
Q

what is metastasis

A

travel to distance sites
- lymphatic
- vascular

38
Q

how is the lymph system involved in metastasis

A

first stop for cancer cells a lot of the time is the lymph system where it will be trapped
- death, dormancy, flourish/proliferation
if they survive they will travel to where ever

39
Q

how does the vascular system involved in metastasis

A

spreads by vascular drainage by penetrating local veins

40
Q

if cancer cells enter the vascular system, where is its first stop? why?

A

liver, it receives the blood to filter before going to rest of body
- cancer either clumps, traps, proliferates

41
Q

what do secondary tumors need to succeed

A

nutrients and O2
- access to blood –> angiogenesis

42
Q

where are the most common places for secondary tumors

A

lung
bone
liver
brain

43
Q

what are the lung cancer common site of metastasis

A

bone, brain

44
Q

what are the colon cancer common site of metastasis

A

liver

45
Q

what are the breast cancer common site of metastasis

A

bone
brain
liver
lung

46
Q

what is the prostates common site of metastasis

A

vertebrae

47
Q

what is a melanoma common site of metastasis

A

brain

48
Q

what are facts about lung cancer

A

leading cause of cancer related deaths
often present once its far advances
most often older than 65
AA more affected

49
Q

what is the most common cause of lung cancer

A

smoking
- risk inc with the total amount of cigs smoked

50
Q

what are other causes of lung cancer

A

COPD
asbestos
radon
arsenic
genetics

51
Q

what is the patho of lung cancer

A

carcinogen overload and genetic predisposition
- things like smoking paralyze the cilia, lesions develop into cancer
- oncogenes will be activated, tumor suppressor genes will be deactivated
- rapid proliferation/destruction/invasion

52
Q

what are the types of lung cancer

A

non small cell lung cancer: most lung cancer
small cell lung cancer: rapid growing

53
Q

what are the s/s of lung cancer

A

cough
hemoptysis
wheeze, stridor
chest pain, dyspnea
wt loss
excessive fatigue, weakness
hoarseness –> compresses laryngeal nerve
paraneoplastic syndrome: secretion of endocrine hormones

54
Q

how is paraneoplastic related to lung cancer

A

large tumors can inappropriately secrete ACTH which chemically resembles melanocytes stimulating hormone
- this inc melanin production, giving pt tanned appearance

55
Q

what are facts about breast cancer

A

second most common
cancer develops in the lining of the ducts
occurs from over expressed estrogen receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor

56
Q

what are the risk factors for breast cancer

A

greater than 50
prolonged reproductive life
hormone replacement therapy
obesity (inc estrogen bc stored in fat)
late childbirth
nulliparous (no pregnancies)
fam hx of breast or ovarian
ashkenazi jews
BRCA1 or BRCA 2 mutation

57
Q

what are the BRCA genes

A

genes that commonly have mutations
- genetic testing will be performed if high risk, fam hx
- genetic counseling available
- can opt for preventative removal

58
Q

what do women with the BRCA gene have an inc risk of developing

A

breast
ovarian
colon
pancreatic cancer
males have inc risk of cancer

59
Q

what are the s/s of breast cancer

A

single tumor, nontender tumor, firm tumor
irregular boarders
adherence to skin or chest wall
upper, outer quadrant of breast
nipple discharge
swelling in one breast
nipple or skin retraction
peau d’orange
paget’s disease

60
Q

what is peau d’orange

A

thickening of skin that resembles an orange peel

61
Q

what is paget’s disease

A

redness, crusting, prutitus and tenderness of the nipple is also characteristic of a cancerous change

62
Q

what is the third most prevalent cancer in women

A

cervical

63
Q

what are the risk factors for cervical cancer

A

smoking
hx of STDs
HPV infection
two or more lifetime sexual partners
immunosuppression
genetics

64
Q

what are the different types of HPV

A

high risk: persistent infection that progresses to cervical cancer
low risk: causes condylomata (genital warts)
almost 100% of cervical cancers test positive for HPV

65
Q

what is cervical cancer clinical course

A

asymptomatic before becoming clinically evident
- usually found with an abnormal pap smear

66
Q

what are facts about colorectal cancer

A

second leading most cause of death
beginning at 50, colonoscopy ever 10 years

67
Q

what is a polyp

A

a tumorous mass that projects into intestinal lumen

68
Q

what is familial adenomatous polyposis

A

well defined hereditary disorder that predisposes an ind to intestinal polyps

69
Q

wha is hereditary nonpolyposis coli HNPCC

A

formation of polyps but less likely to be cancerous

70
Q

what are the risk factors for colorectal cancer

A

obesity
tobacco
physical inactivity
insulin resistance
low fiber diet
higher amount of animal fat in diet
diets low in vit A, C, E
UC
heavy alc abuse

71
Q

what are the sx of colorectal cancer

A

fatigue
weakness
wt loss
Fe def anemia
changes in bowel habits
melena
D, C
lower bowel cancers can present with hematochezia and narrowing of stool caliber

72
Q

what is hematochezia

A

rectal bleeding

NUR 326 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions