oncology Flashcards
characteristic of thyroid lump
moves up with swallowing
hard may mean malignant
3 possibilities for lymph node enlargement
lymphomas/leukaemia
metastic tumour
inflammation
what is a goitre
general swelling of thyroid gland
7 differential diagnosis for neck lump
thyroid disorder lymph node enlargement congenital cysts salivary gland disorders lumps in skin rare tumours actinomycosis
3 neck cysts
thyroglossal- moves if tongue stuck out
branchial
cystic hygroma - present from birth
sublingual dermoid - points of fusion
describing a lump
site, shape, size surface edge fixation consistency hard soft rubbery fluctulance pulsatility temperature transilluminability local lymphadenopathy
difference between hyperplasia + hypertrophy
hyperplasia = increase in cell number hypertrophy = increase in cell size
difference between atrophy + hypoplasia
hypoplasia = developmental atrophy = occurs with ageing
2 examples of oral metaplasia
squamous metaplasia of trachea - smoking
barrets oesophagus - due to acid reflux - increased chance of oropharyngeal carcinoma
2 types of hyperkeratosis
hyperparakeratosis - can see nuclei
hyperorthokeratosis - no nuclei, thick keratin, granular cell layer present
where is lining mucosa not found
dorsum (top) of tongue
keratinised mucosa
4 layers of keratinised mucosa epithelium
keratin
granular cell
prickel cell (stratum spinosum)
basal cell
layers of non-keratinised mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium
lamina propria
submucosa (minor salivary glands + basement membrane)
cause of white spongy naevus
hereditary
3 infective cause of white patch
syphilis candidosis hairy leukoplakia (EBV)
characteristics of hairy leukoplakia
usually seen in immunosuppressed/HIV
bilateral on lateral border of tongue , vertical white folds (corrugated), +/- candida
associated with EBV
which metastases cause radiolucenice and which cause radiopacity
breast/lung/kidney = radiolucent prostate = radiopaque
oral complications of radiotherapy
mucositis ulceration infection - candida xerostomia - caries/PD loss of taste trismus osteoradionecrosis
management of radiotherapy pt
during - discourage smoking/alcohol, climate infection, relieve mucositis, saliva substitute
after - OH, antibiotics, OMFS for extraction, fluoride, saliva substitutes
oral complications of chemo
infection + bleeding - pancytopenia
ulcers, mucositis
xerostomia
delayed development of child
how to reduce chance of ulcer in cancer therapy
systemic/topical folic acid
measures to treat mucositis
reduce smoking, spirits, spices good OH difflam mouthwash ice analgesics
WHO mucositis scale
- soreness/erythema
- erythema/ulcers - eat solids
- ulcers - liquid diet
- oral intake not possible
when to get concerned about difficulty swallowing/hoarseness
after 3 weeks
laryngitis usually improves in 3 weeks
what syndrome is post cricoid carcinoma associated with
Plummer-vinson/patterson kelly
related to iron deficiency
cricoid web = dysphagia
what cancer is HPV associated with
oropharyngeal cancer