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DIT Oncology > Onco 0 > Flashcards

Onco 0 Flashcards

1
Q

A patient presents with HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and low plasma renin. What is diagnosis and how do you treat it?

A 
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome).
Tx: spironolactone.
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2
Q

How does the brain utilize ketone bodies?

A

It metabolizes ketone bodies to 2 acetyl-coA molecules for use in TCA cycle.

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3
Q

A woman presents with headache, visual disturbance, amenorrhea. What does she likely have?

A

Pituitary adenoma.

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4
Q

What are the most common cause of hypocalcemia?

A

Vitamin D deficiency. Chronic renal disease. Parathyroidectomy. Autoimmune destruction of parathyroid glands. DiGeorge syndrome. Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Acute pancreatitis.

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5
Q

What cancer is associated w/ Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

Marginal cell lymphoma.

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6
Q

To what main two molecules is iron bound in human cells? To what main two molecules is iron bound in blood?

A

In cells: Myoglobin and Ferritin. In blood: Hemoglobin and Transferrin.

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7
Q

Which of the oral agents used in control of DM II has each of the following characteristics: Lactic acidosis is a rare but worrisome side effect.

A

Metformin.

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8
Q

Which of the oral agents used in control of DM II has each of the following characteristics: Most common side effect is hypoglycemia.

A

Sulfonylureas.

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9
Q

Which of the oral agents used in control of DM II has each of the following characteristics: primarily affects postprandial hyperglycemia.

A

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.

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10
Q

Which of the oral agents used in control of DM II has each of the following characteristics: MOA is closes K+ channel on beta cells causing depolarization which leads to calcium influx, which leads to insulin release.

A

Sulfonylureas.

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11
Q

Which of the oral agents used in control of DM II has each of the following characteristics: MOA is agonist at PPAR-gamma receptor.

A

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)

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12
Q

What is the most common urea cycle disorder?

A

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

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13
Q

What are the major regulatory enzymes of the citric acid cycle?

A

Citrate synthase. Isocitrate dehydrogenase. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

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14
Q

Which hormones use steroid receptors?

A

Estrogen. Progesterone. Testosterone. Aldosterone. Vitamin D. Thyroid hormone. Glucocorticoids.

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15
Q

Which hormones use tyrosine kinase receptors?

A

Insulin. Insulin-like growth factor. Fibroblast growth factor. Platelet-derived growth factor. Prolactin. Growth hormone.

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16
Q

What is the most likely scenario that a person would receive toxic exposure to arsenic?

A

Living in arsenic-rich region. Ingesting ground water that contains arsenic over several years.

17
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in purine synthesis?

A

Glutamine PRPP amidotransferase.

18
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Carbomyl phosphate synthetase 2.

19
Q

What hormone has the following action: Stimulates milk secretion during lactation.

A

Oxytocin.

20
Q

What hormone has the following action: stimulate metabolic activity.

A

Thyroid hormone.

21
Q

What hormone has the following action: increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis?

A

Cortisol.

22
Q

What hormone has the following action: stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males.

A

LH.

23
Q

A 50 y.o woman complains of double vision, amenorrhea, and headaches. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Prolactinoma.

24
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for the urea cycle?

A

Carbomyl phosphate synthetase 1.

25
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for the Hexose monophosphate pathway?

A

Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase.

26
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for the Fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

27
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for the beta-oxydation of fatty acids?

A

Carnitine acyltransferase.

28
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for ketone body synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA synthase.

29
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for Cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase.

30
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for Bile acid synthesis?

A

7-alpha-hydroxylase.

31
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for Heme synthesis?

A

Aminolevulinate synthase.

32
Q

What is the treatment for homocystinuria?

A

Diet: decrease methionine, increase cyteine, B6, B12. Add folate.

33
Q

What irreversible enzymes are involved in gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase. PEP carboxykinase. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Glucose-6-phosphatase.

34
Q

What are the three most common types of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary carcinoma. Follicular carcinoma. Medulary carcinoma.

35
Q

What primary hormone is affected in Cushing syndrome?

A

Cortisol. Too much of it.

36
Q

What primary hormone is affected in Conn syndrome?

A

Aldosterone. Too much of it.

37
Q

What primary hormone is affected in Addison disease?

A

Decrease in aldosterone and cortisol.

38
Q

What cancers are associated w/ RET gene mutations?

A

MEN 2A and MEN 2B. Medullary carcinoma. Papillary thyroid carcinoma.

DIT Oncology (8 decks)

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