Onco 0 Flashcards
A patient presents with HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and low plasma renin. What is diagnosis and how do you treat it?
Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome). Tx: spironolactone.
How does the brain utilize ketone bodies?
It metabolizes ketone bodies to 2 acetyl-coA molecules for use in TCA cycle.
A woman presents with headache, visual disturbance, amenorrhea. What does she likely have?
Pituitary adenoma.
What are the most common cause of hypocalcemia?
Vitamin D deficiency. Chronic renal disease. Parathyroidectomy. Autoimmune destruction of parathyroid glands. DiGeorge syndrome. Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Acute pancreatitis.
What cancer is associated w/ Hashimoto thyroiditis?
Marginal cell lymphoma.
To what main two molecules is iron bound in human cells? To what main two molecules is iron bound in blood?
In cells: Myoglobin and Ferritin. In blood: Hemoglobin and Transferrin.
Which of the oral agents used in control of DM II has each of the following characteristics: Lactic acidosis is a rare but worrisome side effect.
Metformin.
Which of the oral agents used in control of DM II has each of the following characteristics: Most common side effect is hypoglycemia.
Sulfonylureas.
Which of the oral agents used in control of DM II has each of the following characteristics: primarily affects postprandial hyperglycemia.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
Which of the oral agents used in control of DM II has each of the following characteristics: MOA is closes K+ channel on beta cells causing depolarization which leads to calcium influx, which leads to insulin release.
Sulfonylureas.
Which of the oral agents used in control of DM II has each of the following characteristics: MOA is agonist at PPAR-gamma receptor.
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
What is the most common urea cycle disorder?
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
What are the major regulatory enzymes of the citric acid cycle?
Citrate synthase. Isocitrate dehydrogenase. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
Which hormones use steroid receptors?
Estrogen. Progesterone. Testosterone. Aldosterone. Vitamin D. Thyroid hormone. Glucocorticoids.
Which hormones use tyrosine kinase receptors?
Insulin. Insulin-like growth factor. Fibroblast growth factor. Platelet-derived growth factor. Prolactin. Growth hormone.
What is the most likely scenario that a person would receive toxic exposure to arsenic?
Living in arsenic-rich region. Ingesting ground water that contains arsenic over several years.
What is the rate-limiting enzyme in purine synthesis?
Glutamine PRPP amidotransferase.
What is the rate-limiting enzyme in pyrimidine synthesis?
Carbomyl phosphate synthetase 2.
What hormone has the following action: Stimulates milk secretion during lactation.
Oxytocin.
What hormone has the following action: stimulate metabolic activity.
Thyroid hormone.
What hormone has the following action: increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis?
Cortisol.
What hormone has the following action: stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males.
LH.
A 50 y.o woman complains of double vision, amenorrhea, and headaches. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Prolactinoma.
What is the rate-limiting enzyme for the urea cycle?
Carbomyl phosphate synthetase 1.
