Onc 3 - Tumor Nomenclature

Question 1

What is the difference b/w metaplasia vs dysplasia?

Answer 1

Metaplasia: One normal cell type is replaced by another. Dysplasia: Abnormal growth and loss of normal size, shape and orientation.

Question 2

What is anaplasia?

Answer 2

Cells regress and become less differentiated. Features: high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, prominent nucleoli, clumping of nuclear chromatin, many mitotic figures.

Question 3

What is tumor grading and tumor staging? What is the TNM staging system?

Answer 3

Grading: how much cellular differentiation and mitotic activity the tumor cell show. Stage: how big the tumor is and how much it has spread. TNM staging system: Tumor size, Nodal Involvement, Metastasis.

Question 4

What are the two benign tumors arising from the epithelium?

Answer 4

Adenoma (glandular architecture). Papilloma (microscopic architecture that has finger-like or nipple-like projections).

Question 5

What are the two malignant tumors arising from the epithelium?

Answer 5

It is called carcinoma: there are Adenocarcinoma and papillary carcinoma.

Question 6

What kind of stain do we you for carcinomas?

Answer 6

Cytokeratin stain.

Question 7

How do most epithelial tumors spread?

Answer 7

By lymphatics.

Question 8

How do mesenchymal tumors spread?

Answer 8

Hematogenously.

Question 9

What are mesenchymal tumors?

Answer 9

Blood cell tumors. Blood vessel tumors. Smooth muscle cells. Skeletal muscle tumors. Bone tumors. Fat tumors.

Question 10

What is a hamartoma?

Answer 10

Growth of mature tissue endogenous to the site where it arises.

Question 11

What is the best use of tumor markers?

Answer 11

Best used to monitor response to therapy and to monitor for tumor recurrence.

Question 12

What is the tumor marker CEA associated w/?

Answer 12

Colon cancer. Pancreatic cancer.

Question 13

What is the tumor marker CA19-9 associated w/?

Answer 13

Pancreatic cancer.

Question 14

What is the tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein associated w/?

Answer 14

Hepatocellular carcinoma. Testicular cancer.

Question 15

What is the tumor marker CA-125 associated w/?

Answer 15

Ovarian cancer (anything that irritates the peritoneum can raise it).

Question 16

What is the tumor marker S-100 associated w/?

Answer 16

Melanoma. Schwannoma. And other tumors of neural crest origin.

Question 17

What is elevated alkaline phosphatase associated w/ among cancer types?

Answer 17

Metastasis to the bone. Biliary disease. Paget disease of bone.

Question 18

In what 4 cancers do we see Psammoma bodies?

Answer 18

They are laminated, concentric, calcific spheres. Papillary thyroid cancer. Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Meningioma. Malignant mesothelioma.

Question 19

What type of tumor matches each of the following: Benign tumor of epithelium.

Answer 19

Adenoma. Papilloma.

Question 20

What type of tumor matches each of the following: malignant tumor of blood vessels.

Answer 20

Angiosarcoma.

Question 21

What type of tumor matches each of the following: Benign tumor of bone.

Answer 21

Osteoma.

Question 22

What type of tumor matches each of the following: malignant tumor of smooth muscle.

Answer 22

Leiomyosarcoma.

Question 23

Which tumor marker would you use to follow Hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep B and C)?

Answer 23

Alpha-fetoprotein.

Question 24

Which tumor marker would you use to follow Ovarian cancer?

Answer 24

CA-125.

Question 25

Which tumor marker would you use to follow Pancreatic cancer?

Answer 25

CA19-9 and CEA.

Question 26

Which tumor marker would you use to follow Melanoma?

Answer 26

S-100.

Question 27

Which tumor marker would you use to follow Colon cancer?

Answer 27

CEA.