Onc 4 - Neoplastic Progress Flashcards
What are two pro-angiogenic cytokines that induce angiogenesis on tumors?
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
What is dysplasia?
Cells lose normal size, shape, and orientation.
What is carcinoma in situ?
Malignant cells that have not invaded the basement membrane.
What type of cancers most commonly metastasize to the liver?
[Cancer Sometimes Penetrate Benign Liver] Colon. Stomach. Pancreas. Breast. Lung.
What is the most common type of brain tumor?
Metastatic disease.
What cancers metastasize to the brain?
[Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia]. Lung. Breast. Skin (melanoma). Kidneys (renal cell cancer). GI tract (colon cancer).
What are the symptoms of tumor metastasis to the brain?
Headache. Focal neurological deficits (hemiparesis). Cognitive dysfunction (memory loss, personality changes). Seizures.
What cancers metastasize to the bone?
[Permanently Relocated Tumors Like Bones] Prostate. Renal cell carcinoma. Testes/Thyroid. Lung. Breast.
What type of bone metastasis does Prostate cancer do?
Makes blastic tumors (builds new, disordered and weak bones).
What type of bone metastasis does Breast cancer do?
Lytic or Blastic bone tumors.
What is Cachexia? What is the cause?
Profound weight loss by loss of fat and lead muscle. Caused by tumor producing cytokins that raise the BMR.
What three paraneoplastic syndromes can small cell lung cancer cause?
Cushing syndrome (ACTH production). SIADH (ADH production). Lambert-Eaton syndrome (Ab against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at the NMJ).
What three paraneoplastic syndromes can squamous cell lung cancer cause?
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy: Tumor secretes PTHrp (PTH related peptide), which acts like PTH.
What 4 cancers can cause Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy?
The four tumors that cause PTHrp: Squamous cell lung cancer, squamous cell cancers of the head and neck, breast cancer, and renal cell carcinoma.
What cancer causes hypercalcemia, back pain, anemia and renal failure?
Multiple myeloma.
How does Multiple myeloma cause hypercalcemia?
Secretes local osteolytic factors leading to lytic bone lesions and hypercalcemia.
How do some lymphomas cause hypercalcemia?
They secrete active Vitamin D.
What are the four main cancers that can secrete erythropoietin?
[Potentially Really High Hematocrit] Pheochromocytoma. Renal cell carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Hemangioblastoma. (Uterine fibroids {leiomyomas} can rarely secrete erythropoietin).
What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia? What is the second most common?
First is primary hyperparathyroidism. Second is malignancy.
What cancers may cause hypercalcemia?
Squamous cell lung cancer. Squamous cell cancers of the head and neck. Breast cancer. Renal cell carcinoma. Multiple myeloma. Hodgkin lymphoma. Lytic bone metastases.
What neoplasm causes ADH paraneoplastic syndrome?
Small cell lung cancer. Any intracranial tumor.
