Onc 4 - Neoplastic Progress

Question 1

What are two pro-angiogenic cytokines that induce angiogenesis on tumors?

Answer 1

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Question 2

What is dysplasia?

Answer 2

Cells lose normal size, shape, and orientation.

Question 3

What is carcinoma in situ?

Answer 3

Malignant cells that have not invaded the basement membrane.

Question 4

What type of cancers most commonly metastasize to the liver?

Answer 4

[Cancer Sometimes Penetrate Benign Liver] Colon. Stomach. Pancreas. Breast. Lung.

Question 5

What is the most common type of brain tumor?

Answer 5

Metastatic disease.

Question 6

What cancers metastasize to the brain?

Answer 6

[Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia]. Lung. Breast. Skin (melanoma). Kidneys (renal cell cancer). GI tract (colon cancer).

Question 7

What are the symptoms of tumor metastasis to the brain?

Answer 7

Headache. Focal neurological deficits (hemiparesis). Cognitive dysfunction (memory loss, personality changes). Seizures.

Question 8

What cancers metastasize to the bone?

Answer 8

[Permanently Relocated Tumors Like Bones] Prostate. Renal cell carcinoma. Testes/Thyroid. Lung. Breast.

Question 9

What type of bone metastasis does Prostate cancer do?

Answer 9

Makes blastic tumors (builds new, disordered and weak bones).

Question 10

What type of bone metastasis does Breast cancer do?

Answer 10

Lytic or Blastic bone tumors.

Question 11

What is Cachexia? What is the cause?

Answer 11

Profound weight loss by loss of fat and lead muscle. Caused by tumor producing cytokins that raise the BMR.

Question 12

What three paraneoplastic syndromes can small cell lung cancer cause?

Answer 12

Cushing syndrome (ACTH production). SIADH (ADH production). Lambert-Eaton syndrome (Ab against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at the NMJ).

Question 13

What three paraneoplastic syndromes can squamous cell lung cancer cause?

Answer 13

Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy: Tumor secretes PTHrp (PTH related peptide), which acts like PTH.

Question 14

What 4 cancers can cause Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy?

Answer 14

The four tumors that cause PTHrp: Squamous cell lung cancer, squamous cell cancers of the head and neck, breast cancer, and renal cell carcinoma.

Question 15

What cancer causes hypercalcemia, back pain, anemia and renal failure?

Answer 15

Multiple myeloma.

Question 16

How does Multiple myeloma cause hypercalcemia?

Answer 16

Secretes local osteolytic factors leading to lytic bone lesions and hypercalcemia.

Question 17

How do some lymphomas cause hypercalcemia?

Answer 17

They secrete active Vitamin D.

Question 18

What are the four main cancers that can secrete erythropoietin?

Answer 18

[Potentially Really High Hematocrit] Pheochromocytoma. Renal cell carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Hemangioblastoma. (Uterine fibroids {leiomyomas} can rarely secrete erythropoietin).

Question 19

What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia? What is the second most common?

Answer 19

First is primary hyperparathyroidism. Second is malignancy.

Question 20

What cancers may cause hypercalcemia?

Answer 20

Squamous cell lung cancer. Squamous cell cancers of the head and neck. Breast cancer. Renal cell carcinoma. Multiple myeloma. Hodgkin lymphoma. Lytic bone metastases.

Question 21

What neoplasm causes ADH paraneoplastic syndrome?

Answer 21

Small cell lung cancer. Any intracranial tumor.