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NBDE 2 > OMFR > Flashcards

OMFR Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inverted Y made up of?

A

Maxillary sinus/floor of nasal cavity

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2
Q

what is the isthmus of Y ?

A

Isthmus of Y = where nasal floor (straight radiopaque line) and maxillary sinus (curved radiopaque line) start and meet). What are the two anatomical factors that border this? Floor of nasal cavity and maxillary sinus

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3
Q

ANTRAL/ inverted Y =

A

floor of nasal fossa

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4
Q

_________ = blurring at edge of structure on radiograph

A

Penumbra

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5
Q

Protection from xrys = ____ feet away or barrier

A

6 feet , 90-135 degree

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6
Q

Most of the E from xray is converted to

A

heat

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7
Q

Fxn of oil in xray tube

A

cooling - dissipates the heat and cools of the anode

also copper dissapate het

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8
Q

BEst type of xray beam?

A

short wavelength , HIGH E

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9
Q

RAdiation exposre for dentist/year

A

50 mSv

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10
Q

Purpose of collimnator

A 
Reduces area of exposure
AND
volume of tissue exposed
AND
reduces low energy radiation
AND 
 reduces film fog, 
 = block (lead) ; doesnt prevent fogging
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11
Q

________ = electron emission from a heated metal (cathode). The cathode has its filament circuit that supplies it with necessary filament current to heat it up.

A

Thermionic emission

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12
Q

Best E types to give the best x-ray:

A

short wavelength, high energy

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13
Q

What is the primary source of radiation to the operator when taking x-rays?

A

Secondary radiation - from scatter from pt

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14
Q

What is the max radiation dosage for a dental professional per year?

A

50msv/year or 5 rem/year

  • per month = 4 msv, per week = 1 msv
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15
Q

which is the digital detector in a digital immage?

A

Charge coupled device

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16
Q

MRI uses what electromagnetic wave?

A

RADIOWAVES

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17
Q

Collimation does everything except:

A

reduce average energy of x-rays

reduce pt exposure, reduce operator exposure, reduces film fog,

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18
Q

Which material is used as a filter in X-ray machines?

A

aluminum

beam hardening - filters out low E photos yet inc mean beam e

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19
Q

Collimation controls

A

size & shape of x-ray beam

collimation give the greatest decrease in radiation to the patient/gonads

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20
Q

Elongation & foreshortening occurs when there is

A

excessive vertical angulation

Head/chin too up = reverse smile line
Head/chin downward = Exess SMILE

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21
Q

the use of intensifying screens does what?

A

reduce the radiation

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22
Q

X-ray with cone cut. What’s wrong?

A

MISALIGNED XRAY TUBE HEAD, incorrect beam centering

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23
Q

Head/chin too up in pan =

A

reverse smile line - FROWN

the opposite of down gives you a frown

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24
Q

Pano – max centrals look abnormally wide –position of pt head is

A

too far back

Head too far Back –> u will not see vertebrae on the side plus Max central are wide

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25
Q

X-ray tube target metal is made out of:

A

tungsten ( anode + )

(target = tungsten   
filter = aluminum
collumnation = lead
Glass = insulation)
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26
Q

Exposure time for digital imaging is ____less than what is required for F speed film

A

50%

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27
Q

Head too far forward –>

A

you will see vertebra and incisors blurry and narrow

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28
Q

The area on the film that represents the image of a tooth is called the

A

umbra, or complete shadow

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29
Q

70% of the X ray energy produced is _______.

A

general radiation

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30
Q

elongation occurs with

A

decreased vertical angulation

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31
Q

foreshortening occurs

A

Foreshortening of roots caused by excess vertical angulation

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32
Q

If you take a PA and the tooth is foreshortened, why did it happen?

A

Vertical angulation was too large

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33
Q

X-rays filters are used for?

A

Reduced intensity of electron beam, selectively absorbs low energy photons

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34
Q

By what % do you decrease radiation when you use a square collimator vs. rectangular?

A

60%

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35
Q

F speed requires ____ of the exposure time of D - speed

A

60%

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36
Q

The area around the umbra is the

A

penumbra or partial shadow

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37
Q

The accurate adjustment of the line of sight of a telescope = _____

A

Collimation

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38
Q

_____ is a mechanism where the low quality, long wavelength xrays are absorbed from the exiting beam. Alumnium disks absorb lower penetrating xrays.”

A

“Filtration

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39
Q

PA distortion

A

14% ; 11-15%

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40
Q

Pano distortion is :

A

25% but could range 10-30%

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41
Q

_____ is the zone of unsharpness along the edge of the image; the larger it is, the less sharp the image will be.

A

penumbra

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42
Q

tear drop shaped in max sinus -

A

pterygomaxillary fissure

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43
Q

MRI uses what electromagnetic wave?

A

RADIOWAVES

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44
Q

Source/object distance for lateral ceph:

A

5 feet

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45
Q

Radiographic Picture: looked washed out, no contrast, what was adjusted?

A

• Increase kvp

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46
Q

light films =

A

(underexposed/image not dense enough):

[due to incorrect milliamperage]???

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47
Q

QUESTION: which electron level has the highest binding energy?

A

K

K is located closest to the nucleus = highest energy

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48
Q

Which electron shell has highest power?

A

(f/d…outermost shell)

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49
Q

Nutrient canals seen radiographically most common where?

A

Mandibular incisors

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50
Q

In radiobiology, the “latent period” represents the period of time between

A

radiation exposure and onset of symptoms.

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51
Q

______= radiopacity under mandibular anteriors

A

Genial Tubricle

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52
Q

Which radiograph would you use to view a fracture of the in angle, body and ramus?

A

Lateral oblique

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53
Q

which anatomic strx comes up clear on radiograph and it looks like a fracture

A

intermaxillary suture

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54
Q

best view for zygomatic arches:

A

Pano ? CT?

A submental vertex view affords excellent detail of the zygomatic arches.

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55
Q

Best imaging for sinusitis or sinus infection:

A

waters aka occipitomental

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56
Q

How do you prevent penumbra?

A

X-ray should be parallel (reduce object-film distance)

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57
Q

Which radiograph would you use to view a fracture of the mandibular symphisis?

A

Posterio-Anterior also Mand occlusal works too.

Lateral oblique for fractures in angle, body and ramus

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58
Q

What structure can you not see on a PA radiograph?

A

Mandibular foramen (too posterior & inferior)

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59
Q

Dark films

A

dark = overexposed/image too dense.

This is due to incorrect mA (too high), exposure (too long), incorrect kVp (too high).

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60
Q

________: has threshold, severity of effect is dose-related

A

Deterministic effects

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61
Q

_________: no threshold & not dose-related, probability of effect /likelihood that something will happen

A

Stochastic effects

  • Stochastic effects are assoc w/ long-term, low-level (chronic) exposure to radiation. Increased levels of exposure make these health effects more likely to occur, but do not influence the type or severity of the effect.
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62
Q

______ = ability for the beam to penetrate tissues, energy

A

Kvp:

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63
Q

calcified cauliflower appearnce at angle of mandible?

A

calcified lymphnodes

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64
Q

calcified stones superimposed over ramus

A

tonsiliths

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65
Q

calcification inline w/ angle of the mandible but at lvl of the hyoid bone

A

Atherscleroic plaque - calciffied carotid

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66
Q

8% of photon interactions ina an xray

A

Cohernet Scattering

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67
Q

Irradiation cause saliva to have lower -

A

sodium content

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68
Q

Radiation that is stochastic, with non-threshold effects what would a clinician notice first

A

leukemia

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69
Q

RadioRESISTANT tissues include:

A

muscle, nerves

70
Q

Digital X-rays have _____ less exposure from d-films to digital films:

A

digital has 50% less radiation exposure

71
Q

Bone marrow, reproductive cells, lymphoid cells, immature cells, intestine are al examples of _________ tissues

A

Radiosensitive

72
Q

Radiation injury from?

A

free radical formation from indirect

73
Q

_________ = electrons are emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic solids, liquids or gases) as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength and high frequency, such as UV radiation.

A

photoelectric effect (how x-rays interact w/ matter)

74
Q

Which type of radiation is constantly in effect?

A

Inhaled radon radiation

75
Q

2-7 Gy exposure effects?

A

Hematopoietic symptoms -infxn, hemorrhage, anemia

onset = day to months

Probability of Death low: 10-30 days after exposure; if left untreated

76
Q

What is most radio-resistant cell:

A

Muscle

77
Q

1-2 Gy exposure effects?

A

Pordromal ( anorexia, n/v fatigue)

onset = min to hours

78
Q

What will cause xerostomia: chemo or radiation?

A

radiation

79
Q

Sharper images, Less magnification, and X rays less divergent occurs when source is

A

far from obj
LONG source to object distance
also wiht SHORT object to receptor distance

80
Q

Radiation of 4(Gy) to the skin will cause?

A

Erythema

81
Q

Which structure is most radio sensitive:

A

hemopoitic bone marrow

82
Q

7-15 Gy exposure effects?

A

Gastrointestinal symptoms
-n/v, prolonged diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance, circulatory collapse.Hematopoietic symptoms also noted

onset = weeks to months
Death: 3-10 days

83
Q

How does x-rays primarily damage cells?

A

Hydrolysis of water molecules

Indirect radiation chemistry

84
Q

Increasing ImA alone results in a film with:

A

High contrast

If you increase distance, then you need to increase mA

85
Q

KVp inc =

A

more penetrating, high energy

86
Q

50 + Gy exposure effects?

A

Cardiovascular and CNS symptoms- lethergy, tremors, convulsions, ataxia, coma Death in 1-2 days

onset = death in 1-2 days

87
Q

Primary source of xray photons is from ____

A

Bremstraughlung xray production

  • e- strikes a target and brakes giving off E
  • Generates CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM of E
88
Q

T/F ok to do bone grafting in pt on fosamax?

A

FALSE. NO GRAFTING ; no ortho eitehr

89
Q

How to provide tx to pt on bisphosphonates/ radiaiton

A

preextract questionable teeth, hyperbaric oxygen pre and post if doing invasive procedures

90
Q

BAckground radiation = _____ and is mostly from _____

A

3.1 mSv

radon

91
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates?

A

Inhibit osteoclasts via apoptosis

dsnt add Ca to bone

92
Q

_____ = further from source, less photons per unit area

A

Inverse square law
intensity * (1/ (distance^2) )
intensity is inversely proportional to square of the distance from the source

peroration shld be 6ft away from source

93
Q

_____ collumnator is the best method to reduce radiation dose

A

Rectangular

cut radiation dose by 5

94
Q

PID

A

postition idcating device

95
Q

Pt has stage 1 osteonecrosis from bisphosphonate. What do you do?

A

debride area or rinse with chlorhexidine

  • If STAGE 1 (exposed bone/asymptomatic) - rinse Chlorhexidine - conservative tx
  • If STAGE 2( expose bone/pain/soft tissue rxn-swelling/infxn - Refer to OS or do under Hyperbaric O2

Stage 3 (path fx, fistula, osteolysis on xray)

96
Q

The heated filament emits e- by

A

thermonic emission

97
Q

_______ is the secondary source of xray photons

A

Characteristic xray production

  • E- accidentally knocks into another. e- drops into lower E orbital ( usally the K shell)
  • Emits a photon of SPECIFIC E
98
Q

Glass fxns as

A

insulation - and vaccum

99
Q

Intensity refers to the

A

Quantity of e- ; # of photons ; gives densisty (darkness of image)

100
Q

To get osteoradionecrosis, radiation dose must be:

A

Above 50 gys (above 60)

101
Q

xrays are produced when : ≈

A

high speed e- hit the metal (tungsten) traget

102
Q

the copper rod located in the xray head is used to

A

dissapate the heat and a leaded glass envelope surrounds and isulates the entire assembly

103
Q

Osteonecrosis is more common with IV drugs like

A

Zolmeda (zoledronic acid) and
aredia (palmidronate),
Suffix: -dronate

NOT Fosamax or boniva).

104
Q

____ = how the xray beam weakens as it travesl thru matter

A

attenuation

105
Q

Energy referes to

A

the QUALITY of e- and E of photons

affects the contrast (difference among gray values)

106
Q

Avg annual exposure to ppl living in US =

A

6.1mSv

  1. 1 for background(radon)
  2. 1 from manmade (medical imaging)
107
Q

_____ refers to movement of E as a combination of electrical and magnectic fields

A

Electromagnectic RAdiation ( type of ionizing rad)

Shorter wavelength = higher E
Gamma> xray>UV> violet to red>infrared>microwave>radiowave

108
Q

Dose reduction things to do

A

ALARA or ALADA

  • use E/F speed films or digital
  • use >18cm soure-to-obj distance to reduce exposure and inc image clarity
  • Use rectangular collum ( BEST WAY)
109
Q

xray are high freq high E waves b/w

A

UV and Gamma rays

similar to visiable light waves

110
Q

30% of photon interactions in xray

A

Photoelectric Absorption
incident phot connect forms ion pair
INC contrast

111
Q

Tube current is measured in

A

Milliampers mA
affects intensity ; usually cant adjust
too much mA = too dark /overexposed
too littel mA = too noisy/underexposed

112
Q

SID - source to image distance aka

A

FFD - focal film distance
target= focal=source
image = film

we want max SOD and min OID

113
Q

xray setting most frequently changed

A 
Exposure time (sec)
Exposure time affects intensity ( density)
too long = too dark/overexposed
too short = too noisey/underexposed
dec when digital sensors used or small child
114
Q

____ accoutns for ~62% of photon interactions in an xray

A

COmption scattering
incident photon contact outer shell e- and forms an ion pair

DEC CONTRAST

115
Q

1 Rotegen (1 C/kg) =

A

3.88 x 103 R = exposed dose = E produced by xray tube

116
Q

too short exposure =

A

too noisey/underexposed

117
Q

1 sievert = ____ rem

A

100
= Energy abs in tissue multiplied by radiation weighing factor
-Equivalent dose

-Effective dose = Energy abs in tissue multiplied by tissue weighing factor

118
Q

1 Grey - ____rads

A

100 = adsorbed dose

-E absorbed in tissue

119
Q

too long exposure =

A

too dark/overexposed

120
Q

Hair loss, cataraact,skin damage, oral mucositis as a result of radiation refers to

A

Deterministic Effects
Must be greater than the threshold dose to see effects

0.1Gy in-utero defect 0.3 cataract 3 = radioatin burns

121
Q

Film base =

A

flexible plastic

122
Q

____ refers to atomic nuclei or subatomic particles moving at high velocity

A

Particulate Radiation (2nd type of ionizing rad)

alpha and beta praticle from radioactive decay are examples

123
Q

fine grnaular or orange peel appearnce on xray

A

ground glass

124
Q

Phleboliths (calcified bld clot) typically are seen

A

at the pterygoid plexus - sigmoid noth or pterygomaxillary fissure

125
Q

Too low kVp =

A

too light,very high contrast;mostly photoelectric absorption

126
Q

Film emulsion layer =

A

silver halide crystals in gelatin material

127
Q

Cancer, Leukemia, Heritable Effects as a result of radiation refers to

A

Stochastic Effects

Linear no-threshold model

128
Q

too little mA =

A

too noisy/underexposed

129
Q

_____ radiation chemistry accounts for 1/3 of bilogic effects

A

Direct

Indirect - 2/3

130
Q

Film intensifying screen =

A

coated with flourescent phosphor to reduce amt of exposure needed

131
Q

too high kVp =

A

too gray, not enough contrast,mostly Compton scattering

132
Q

FAster teh film the less _____ needed

A

exposure
A>B>C>D>E>F
larger crystal, Double emulsion, radiosenstive dye added to emulsion = all make FASTER film

133
Q

Dveloper soln

A

Phenidone (Ag ion to metallic Ag) AND Hydroquinone (reduce phenidone to original)

dvlpr converts crystal to metallic silver grains that are seen as dark on xray - is what convert invisble to visible
if image too light - dvlpr needs changed

134
Q

Tube Potential is measured in

A

kVp
affect intensity AND energy

too high = too gray, not enough contrast,mostly Compton scattering

Too low = too light,very high contrast;mostly photoelectric absorption

135
Q

Digital senor CCD/CMOS comprised of

A

silicon sensore chip captures xray and rapidly displays image on monitor

136
Q

_____ = shadow behind an image

A

Umbra

137
Q

Fixer Soln

A

Ammonium thiosulfate ( cleanign agent, removes undvlp Ag halidecyrstals)

138
Q

how often to record all errors

A

daily

139
Q

Digital senor PSP comprised of

A

Barium flourhalide plates that capture and store xray E from dental exposure

140
Q

______ = side shadow, fuzzy

A

Penumbra
Penumbra size depends of Focal spot size (FSS) ; SOD; OID
we want lil -no penumbra
the smaller the FSS (beam) = smaller penumbra = better/sharper image
( FSS *OID )/SOD

141
Q

how often to review error log

A

Weekly

142
Q

too much mA =

A

too dark /overexposed

143
Q

How often to examinf PSP plates for scratches, or inspect aprons for tears

A

MOnthly

144
Q

Best film to visualize basilar skull or zygoma fx

A

Submentovertex view

Base projection of skull

145
Q

Central ray of xray beam aimed perpendicular to imaginary bisector b/w long axis of tooth and long axis of receptor

A

Bisecting angle Technique

146
Q

Underexposed FILM image why?

A

dec exposure time
dec dvlpmnt time
old dvlper
of too cold ( low temp)

147
Q

overexposed FILM image why?

A

INC exposure time
INC dvlpmnt time
Exposure to light

148
Q

INC exposure Sec =

A

INC DENSITY

149
Q

INC mA =

A

INC dentsity

150
Q

INC kVP =

A

INC density ; DEC contrast

151
Q

INC filter =

A

DEC density ; INC contrast

152
Q

INC distance =

A

DEC density

source to film distance

153
Q

HOw often shld maching be eval by health physicist, and verify digital sensors with phantom(person)

A

YEARLY

154
Q

Herringbone or tire track on FILM what happend?

A

film placed backwards

155
Q

CBCT most commonly used in

A 
implant planning
( others = endo, ortho, TMJ ( hard tissues only)º
156
Q

Best film of paranasal sinus

A

Waters 45

angle PA ceph of skull

157
Q

Best film to visualize condyle

A

towne’s view 30º

angle pa ceph of skull

158
Q

Central ray of xray beam aimed perpendicular to long axis of tooth and receptor

A 
Parallelling Technique
OID inc ( vs bisecting tech) imagge will be magnified
159
Q

most commong operative error in xray takin

A

elongation

160
Q

xray beam and receptor not lined up properly ; ICp device and film holder

A

cone cut

161
Q

Pan comes out with wavy lines

A

motion - pt moving during pan

162
Q

classic target lesion seen on xray dx?

A

complex odontoma

163
Q

___% mineral loss before showing up on xray

A

33

164
Q

maligant lesion typicallly show what characteristics?

A 
ill-defined ( ragged/moth-eaten)
irregular border
radiolucent
ramus or post mand
Erosive, destructive
Invasive,destructive, paraesthesia
floating teeth
spiked roots
asym widening of PDL and loss of lamina dure
165
Q

Thin long line radiopaqcity at angle of manible

A

calcified stylohoyid ligament

eagles syndrome

166
Q

SLOB

A

Same lingual
Opposite Buccal

if beam moves right and object moves right = lingual

167
Q

thin flat ovoid superimposed over mand anterior

A

sialolith in submand duct ( thin flat oval) ; sialolith in gland more round (in body of ramus mid IAN canal)

168
Q

___converts e- to photons

A

anode

169
Q

what is measured by the half-value layer?

A

Filtration

The half-value layer is the thickness of a material (usually aluminum) that decreases the intensity of the x-ray beam by half.
The higher the half-value layer, the thicker the piece of aluminum needed to block the x-ray beam.A quarter-value layer is the amount of a material that reduces the beam intensity to one-fourth of the value obtained without any test filters.

170
Q

Fixing solution interacts with silver in what way?

A

It removes undeveloped silver salts.
Includes:
Clearing agent: Removes undeveloped silver halide crystals (ammonium thiosulfate)
Tanning agent: Hardens and preserves the emulsion (aluminum salts)
Activator: Maintains the fixer’s level of acidity and also neutralizes the developer (acetic acid)
Preservative: Prolongs shelf life of the solution (sodium sulfite)
Solvent: Dissolves the other substance and ingredients (water)

171
Q

Incorrect horizontal angulation of the x-ray tube head while making posterior molar bite wings will probably result in

A

overlapping of interproximals.

172
Q

Filtration is used in dental x-ray machines to remove

A- Scatter radiation photons

B- High energy electrons

C- Long wavelength photons

D- Low energy electrons

A

C

Long wavelength = lower energy

PHOTONS NOT ELECTRONS

NBDE 2 (13 decks)

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