OM Essentials Flashcards
What are key findings of the Kuai study?
1/3 show resilience in childhood
Most become resilient in adulthood.
What were the most important things in OM Ch 1-2?
- Four waves of resilience
- Variable Focused, Person Focused and Hybrid Models
- Definition of Resilience
- Patterns of Resilience
- Prevalence of Resiliencce
- The Children of Kauai Study
- Classic model and Expended classic model
What were the most important thing in om CH3-5?
- Research on homeless children
- PCLS study
- Individual differences
- Sex Differences
- Developmental Timing
- Developmental Cascades
- Cumalitive Risk
What were the most important elements of OM ch 6-7?
- Attachement
- Self Regulation, Executive Functioning, Mastery motiation and self-efficacy
- Intelligence
- Latent Vulnerabiltiy Model
- Neurobiology of childhood adversity and resilience
- Stress Buffering
- Double Edged Sword
- Differential Suspectibility / Biological Sensitivity to context.
What are the 4 waves of resilience science?
- The First Wave (Descriptive):
Focused on identifying individual and environmental factors that contribute to positive adaptation in the face of adversity.
Sought to understand the “what” of resilience, looking for correlates and predictors of resilience.
- The Second Wave (Process-Oriented):
Shifted focus to the “how” of resilience, exploring the mechanisms and processes that underlie positive adaptation.
Examined the role of cognitive, emotional, and social skills in promoting resilience.
- The Third Wave (Intervention-Focused):
Aimed to apply the knowledge gained from the first two waves to develop interventions that promote resilience.
Sought to prevent negative outcomes and foster positive development in vulnerable populations.
- The Fourth Wave (Multilevel and Dynamic):
Emphasizes the importance of a multilevel, systems perspective on resilience, considering the interplay of individual, family, community, and societal factors.
Focuses on the dynamic nature of resilience, recognizing that it is a process that unfolds over time and can be influenced by changing circumstances.
These waves represent a progression in our understanding of resilience, from identifying risk and protective factors to understanding the underlying processes and mechanisms, and ultimately to developing effective interventions and promoting positive adaptation in diverse contexts.
What are the Variable Focused, Person Focused and Hybrid models?
- Variable-Focused Models:
Focus: Identifies specific individual and environmental factors that correlate with resilience.
Examples of variables:
Individual factors: Positive personality traits (e.g., optimism, self-efficacy), intelligence, problem-solving skills, social competence.
Environmental factors: Supportive relationships, access to resources, positive family environments, safe neighborhoods.
- Person-Focused Models:
Focus: Examines the dynamic interplay between individuals and their environments, emphasizing the unique pathways and strategies individuals use to cope with adversity.
Key concepts:
Adaptive processes: The cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies people use to overcome challenges.
Resourcefulness: The ability to mobilize internal and external resources to support positive adaptation.
Resilience trajectories: The varying patterns of resilience development over time.
- Hybrid Models:
Focus: Combines elements of both variable-focused and person-focused models, recognizing that both individual and contextual factors play a role in resilience.
Key principles:
Multilevel perspective: Considers the interplay of individual, family, community, and societal factors.
Dynamic systems theory: Acknowledges that resilience is a complex, evolving process influenced by multiple factors.
Positive psychology: Emphasizes the importance of strengths, virtues, and positive emotions in promoting resilience.
What is the childeren of Kauai study?
The Kauai Longitudinal Study is a groundbreaking long-term study conducted on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. It has been instrumental in shaping our understanding of resilience, particularly through the work of Ann Masten.
This study followed a cohort of 698 children born in 1955 from infancy to adulthood. Researchers assessed various factors such as biological risks, socioeconomic status, family environment, and personal characteristics to identify those at high risk for developmental problems. Surprisingly, many of these high-risk children defied expectations and exhibited resilience, thriving despite adversity.
Masten’s research on the Kauai study has been pivotal in highlighting the following key points about resilience:
- Resilience is Common: Contrary to the belief that resilience is rare, Masten’s findings suggest that it is a common human capacity. Many individuals, even those facing significant challenges, demonstrate remarkable resilience.
- Resilience is Ordinary: Resilience arises from ordinary human processes and capacities, rather than extraordinary traits. Factors such as supportive relationships, problem-solving skills, and a positive outlook play a crucial role in promoting resilience.
- Resilience is Dynamic: Resilience is not a fixed trait but a dynamic process that can change over time. Individuals may exhibit resilience in certain situations but not in others.
- Resilience is Multifaceted: Resilience involves multiple factors, including individual characteristics, family relationships, community support, and cultural influences.
By understanding the factors that contribute to resilience, researchers and practitioners can develop interventions to promote positive development and well-being in individuals facing adversity. The Kauai Longitudinal Study, along with Masten’s research, has provided invaluable insights into the nature of resilience and its implications for promoting human flourishing.
What is Developmental Timing and Developmental Cascades?
Ann Masten’s research on resilience has highlighted the importance of developmental timing and developmental cascades in understanding how individuals adapt to adversity.
Developmental Timing
Developmental timing refers to the idea that the impact of a particular event or experience can vary depending on when it occurs in a person’s life. Certain periods of development, such as childhood and adolescence, are particularly sensitive to environmental influences. For example, a traumatic event experienced during childhood may have a more profound and lasting impact than a similar event experienced in adulthood.
Developmental Cascades
Developmental cascades refer to the cumulative, expanding impact of development over time. Positive experiences and skills can lead to further positive outcomes, while negative experiences and difficulties can lead to a downward spiral. For instance, early academic success can lead to increased self-esteem, which can then lead to better social relationships and future academic achievement. Conversely, early academic failure can lead to decreased self-esteem, which can then lead to behavioral problems and further academic difficulties.
In essence, developmental timing and developmental cascades emphasize the importance of understanding the timing and sequence of experiences in shaping individual development and resilience. By recognizing these factors, we can develop more effective interventions to promote positive outcomes and prevent negative ones.
Masten’s work has shown that timing and cascades are crucial for understanding how resilience unfolds over time. By considering these factors, we can gain a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between individual characteristics, environmental influences, and developmental processes that contribute to resilience.
What is Cumalative Risk?
Cumulative risk refers to the accumulation of multiple risk factors over time. These risk factors can include poverty, family dysfunction, neighborhood violence, or exposure to trauma. The more risk factors a person is exposed to, the greater the likelihood of negative outcomes.
However, it’s important to note that not everyone who experiences cumulative risk develops problems. Resilience is the ability to adapt and thrive in the face of adversity.
Ann Masten’s research has highlighted that even in the face of significant cumulative risk, many individuals exhibit resilience. This resilience can be attributed to a variety of factors, including:
- Individual factors: Positive personality traits, strong problem-solving skills, and effective coping strategies.
- Family factors: Supportive relationships with parents or other caregivers, strong family bonds, and effective parenting practices.
- Community factors: Access to quality education, healthcare, and social services, as well as strong community connections.
By understanding the concept of cumulative risk and the factors that promote resilience, researchers and practitioners can develop interventions that target both risk and protective factors to help individuals overcome adversity and thrive.
What is Differential susceptibility / Biological sensitivity to context
Differential susceptibility is a concept that suggests that individuals vary in their sensitivity to environmental influences. Some individuals are more susceptible to both positive and negative environmental experiences. This means that they may be more vulnerable to adversity but also more responsive to positive interventions.
Biological sensitivity to context is a related concept that emphasizes the role of biological factors, such as genetics and neurobiology, in shaping individual differences in sensitivity. This perspective suggests that certain biological traits, such as sensitivity to stress or reward, can make individuals more or less susceptible to environmental influences.
What is Stress Buffering?
Stress Buffering is a concept in psychology that describes how certain factors can mitigate the negative effects of stress.
These factors, often referred to as “protective factors,” can help individuals cope with adversity and maintain positive mental health.
What is Self-regulation, executive functioning, mastery motivation and self-efficacy
**Self-Regulation
**Self-regulation refers to the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. It involves the capacity to delay gratification, focus attention, and resist impulses. Strong self-regulation skills are essential for coping with stress, adapting to change, and achieving goals.
**Executive Functioning
**Executive functioning is a set of cognitive skills that allow individuals to plan, organize, and execute tasks. It includes abilities such as working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. Strong executive functioning skills are associated with better academic performance, social relationships, and mental health.
**Mastery Motivation
**Mastery motivation is the intrinsic drive to learn and master new skills. Individuals with high mastery motivation are persistent, curious, and motivated to challenge themselves. This motivation can help individuals overcome obstacles and achieve their goals.
**Self-Efficacy
**Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in their ability to succeed at a specific task. It is a powerful predictor of motivation, persistence, and achievement. High self-efficacy can help individuals cope with stress, bounce back from setbacks, and maintain a positive outlook.
Masten’s research has shown that these psychological constructs are important factors in resilience. Individuals who possess strong self-regulation, executive functioning, mastery motivation, and self-efficacy are more likely to thrive in the face of adversity. By understanding these factors, we can develop interventions that promote resilience and help individuals overcome challenges.
What are Effective Families?
Ann Masten’s research on resilience has highlighted the importance of effective families in promoting positive child development. Here are some key characteristics of effective families:
1. Supportive and Nurturing Relationships:
* Strong emotional bonds between parents and children
* Open communication and expression of feelings
* Consistent and appropriate discipline
* Positive reinforcement and encouragement
2. Clear Expectations and Structure:
* Clear and consistent rules and expectations
* A structured environment that provides a sense of security and stability
* Effective monitoring and supervision of children’s activities
3. Positive Family Climate:
* A positive and optimistic family atmosphere
* A sense of belonging and connection
* Shared values and beliefs
* Opportunities for family fun and togetherness
4. Problem-Solving Skills and Conflict Resolution:
* Effective problem-solving skills to address challenges and conflicts
* A willingness to compromise and find mutually beneficial solutions
* The ability to manage stress and adversity as a family
5. Parental Resilience:
* Parents who model resilience and positive coping strategies
* Parents who can effectively manage their own stress and emotions
* Parents who can support their children’s emotional and social development
By fostering these characteristics, families can create a strong foundation for their children’s well-being and resilience.
What are Effective Schools?
Effective Schools: A Key Factor in Fostering Resilience
Ann Masten’s research has also highlighted the crucial role of effective schools in promoting resilience. Here are some key characteristics of effective schools:
1. Strong Leadership:
* Visionary and inspiring leadership that fosters a positive school culture.
* Effective school management and organization.
* Clear expectations and goals for students and staff.
2. High Expectations for All Students:
* Belief in the potential of all students, regardless of their background.
* Challenging curriculum and high academic standards.
* Effective instruction and assessment practices.
3. Positive School Climate:
* Safe and supportive learning environment.
* Positive relationships between teachers and students.
* Opportunities for student involvement and leadership.
4. Effective Teaching:
* Highly qualified and dedicated teachers.
* Engaging and effective teaching methods.
* Opportunities for individualized instruction and support.
5. Supportive School Services:
* Access to counseling, social work, and other support services.
* Collaboration between school staff and families.
* Community partnerships to provide additional resources and support.
By fostering these characteristics, schools can create a positive and supportive learning environment that helps students develop the skills and resilience they need to succeed.
What is Deficit versus Strength-Based focus?
Ann Masten’s work on resilience has significantly shifted the focus from a deficit-based approach to a strength-based approach.
Deficit-based focus traditionally centered on identifying and addressing weaknesses and vulnerabilities in individuals or communities. It often focused on what was wrong with people, rather than what was right with them. This approach can be stigmatizing and can lead to a narrow view of individuals and communities.
Strength-based focus, on the other hand, emphasizes identifying and building upon the strengths and resources that individuals and communities already possess. It recognizes that everyone has strengths and capacities, even in the face of adversity. This approach empowers individuals and communities to overcome challenges and build resilience.
Masten’s research has shown that resilience is a common human capacity, not an extraordinary trait. By focusing on strengths and protective factors, we can help individuals and communities thrive, even in the face of significant adversity. This shift in perspective has profound implications for research, practice, and policy.
