OM E1 Flashcards
Which type of immunity is quick to respond, will attack a broad range of invaders and has no memory?
Innate
What type of immunity is slow to respond, has high specificity and has a memory?
Adaptive
What is optimization?
The process of coating an antigen with antibodies to enhance phagocytosis. (puts sand on the slippery soap)
What is immunogenic?
Induces an adaptive immune response
What 3 organisms cause Meningitis in children under 2 years of age?
Strep. pneumonia
Nesseria Meningitus
Haemophilus Influenza
Name 6 “Defense Molecules”?
- Immunoglobulin (Antibodies)
- Histocompatability Ag.
- T-cell receptor
- Cytokines
- Fc Receptors
- Cytokine Receptors
Name 3 types of Exotoxins.
Super Antigen
Cytolytic
A-B Toxin
What causes Hypersensitivity reactions?
When the Adaptive Immunity over-responds to infection, consequently causes damage to the body
What are the Domains of Life?
Prokaryote- Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryote
What is a pathogen?
Organisms with unique capacity to colonize a host, overcome host immunity, replicate w/in host environment and/or cause damage to host tissue
Name the 5 major infectious agents.
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Viruses
- Prions
- Eukaryotes (Hemalinths, Protozoa, Fungi)
Name the major characteristics unique to Bacteria.
- No inner organelles
- 70s Ribosomes
- Complex cell walls (Gram + thick, Gram - thin CW w/in 2 membranes, outer has LPS)
- 1000 X smaller than human cells
- Secrete enzymes to digest host sugar, proteins and Fe++
What are some of the components of the Innate processes of Oral Immunity?
- Saliva- H2O flush, dissolve food, buffers acids, Ab molecules, protective coating
- Thick, continually recycling epithelium- though keratin layer w/ high lipid count, tight jct. and impermeable
- Gingival jct. ep –> leaky Non-ker low lipid content, loose jct., allows plasma and inf. cells into mouth
- Competitive normal flora
How does saliva protect agains micro organisms?
- Contains IgA
- Non-specific anti-microbial agents, such as LYSOZYME
- Dilutes and washes away Toxins and Acids prod. by microbes
What is in Crevicular fluid?
- Ab., Hemin, Complement (Low in saliva)
2. Cells: 90% PMNs, 10% Macrophages and Lymphocytes (HIGH IgG, low IgA)
What are the defensive features of Saliva?
- HIGH IgA, low IgG
- Non-specific antimicrobial (Lysozyme, lactoferrin, peptides)
- Buffers pH from acid produced by microbes
- Dissolves/dislodges food particles
What are some of the attributes of sIgA?
- Sticks to mucins on epithelium
- Resistance to proteases
- Can neutralize viruses/toxins
- Blocks colonization of microbes
What is an aerobic bacteria, and give an example of one?
Uses respiration of glucose for energy.
NEISSERIA: Gm -, cocci
What is an anaerobic bacteria, and give an example of one?
Cannot perform respiration of Glucose, fermentation only.
AGGREGATIBACTER actinomycetemcomitans
What is a facultative bacteria and an example of one?
Can live in presence of O2, and can do respiration or fermentation of glucose.
STREPTOCOCCUS viridans, a-hemolytic (produce green color in blood agar), produce a lot of extra cellular matrix, tolerate low pH
What is microaerophilic bacteria, and an example?
It can exist in only very low amounts of O2.
CAMPYLOBACTER rectus: Gm- Rod
Name a Gm + cocci that is found in the Oral cavity
Strep. viradans
These 2 Gm + cocci bacteria grow well at a low pH and produce a lot of lactic acid. (MAJOR cause of dental caries)
Strep. mutans
Strep. sobrinas
These Gm + cocci is a pioneer species on teeth and is the Primary colonizer of tooth biofilm.
Step. mitis
Strep sanguinis
What Gm + cocci, is a major source of bacteria in saliva?
Strep. salivarius
This Gm + cocci, is facultative and an opportunist for infections and is commonly implicated in root canal failures and persistent infections.
Enterobacter faecalis
This Gm- Rod, is found only in the mouth and is a major portion of the plaque flora. It is associated with gingivitis and root caries, produces extracellular matrix and tolerates a low pH
Actinomyces israelii
Name one Aerobic and one Anaerobic Gm- Cocci in the oral cavity.
Neisseria (aerobic)
Veillonella alcalescens (anerobic)
Name the Gm - Rod that is known for its aggressive periodontitis in young adults
Aggregatibacter actino-mycetem-comitans
Name asacchrolytic Gr - , very long thin rod that is associated with periodontitis and is a common organism that other bacteria like to bind to it
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Name 3 other Gm - rods that are associated with periodontal disease and are asacchrolytic.
Bacteroides
Tannerella forsythensis
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Name a Gm - rod that is Sacchrolytic and is associated with periodontitis.
Prevotella intermedia
Name a Spirochete that is very anaerobic, Asacchrolytic and is found in gingivitis and periodontitis.
Treponema denticola
What type of virus would be considered the hardiest?
Non-enveloped, because enveloped can dry out and lose their envelope making them inert. Non-enveloped will remain viable for a longer period of time outside of their environment.
What are the 5 different outcomes of viral infections?
Give exp. of each
- Abortive- Neutralized inside cell
- Lytic- viral progeny release with lysis of host cell (Non-enveloped)
- Chronic, non-lytic- Slow release of progeny w/o lysis of the host cell ( Enveloped)
- Latent- virus genome incorporates into host DNA when dormant (Herpes)
- Transformation- causes infected cell to proliferate uncontrollably. (HPV)
What are the 2 types of viral transmission and and exp. of each?
Horizontal- Mom–> Dad
Vertical- Mom –> Fetus
What are the 6 steps to the viral infectious cycle?
- Attachment
- Penetration
- Uncoating
- Replication
- Assembly
- Release
The release of viral particles into the blood is termed?
Viremia
What are the 8 Human Herpes Virus (HHV), where are they latent, and important diseases they cause?
- HSV 1 –> Neuron –> Cold sores
- HSV 2 –> Neuron –> Genital herpes
- Varicella-Zoster –> Neuron –> Chickenpox/Shingles
- Epstein-Barr –> B cells –> Burkitt’s lymphoma
- Cytomegalovirus -> Lymph/Mono –> Congenital infection
- –> Mono/M0 –> Roseola infantum
- –> T cells –> Roseola infantum
- Kaposi’s Sarcoma -> Lymphocyte–> Karposi’s Sarcoma
HSV 1 causes this disease commonly on the hands of dentists before gloves were used?
Witlow
What are the 2 most common lesions cause by HSV-1?
Gingivostomatitis & Herpes labialis
What is the primary and secondary infections of Varicella-Zoster called and what group do they typically manifest in?
1- Chickenpox (young children)
2- Shingles (adults)
This viral infection is often associated with immunosuppressed patients with Hairy Leukoplakia and Nasopharyngeal cancers.
HHV-4 or Epstein-Barr Virus
This virus is the #1 cause of mental retardation in fetus’
HHV-5 (Cytomegalovirus)
