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Oral Microbiology > Lecture 7 - Fungus (Candida) > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Fungus (Candida) Flashcards

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1
Q

T or F, The fungi Candida are commonly a part of the normal flora of the mouth, GI tract and genitourinary tract

A

True

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2
Q

Candidiasis usually results from what:

A

Defects in normal host defenses and/or lack of competitive normal flora:

  1. Periods of modified host flora - like during antibiotic treatment
  2. During periods of decreased host defense such as immunosuppressive therapies
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3
Q

Saprobe:

A

Organisms that live on dead or decaying organic matter

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4
Q

Parasites:

A

Organisms that live on or within a host from which they derive benefits without making any useful contributions in return

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5
Q

Fungal cell membrane is different from humans how?

A

It is similar to ours except for the addition of ergostal in contrast to cholesterol
- Many antifungal strategies are based on the presence of ergosterol in fungal membranes

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6
Q

What do Azoles do?

A

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis

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7
Q

What do polyenes do?

A

Bind and form pores in ergosterol-containing membranes rather than cholesterol containing membranes

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8
Q

Do fungi have cell wall?

A

Yes, fungi are surrounded by a multi-layered, rigid cell wall made up mainly of cross-linked glucans (another antifungal target)

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9
Q

Is there a large amount of effective anti fungals available to treat fungal infections? Why or Why not?

A

No, relatively few effective anti-fungals
- Because fungal cells, like mammalian cells, are eukaryotic and to develop something specific to fungal cells but nontoxic for human cells is difficult

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10
Q

Fungi can be divided into what two basic morphologies:

A
  1. Yeasts (single cells)

2. Hyphae or filamentous (multinucleated branched, mold-like)

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11
Q

What is mycelium

A

The collective term for a mass of hyphae (mycelium is also synonymous with mold)

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12
Q

Why is the morphology of some fungi not fixed?

A

Becasue some are dimorphic, that is, they can exist in both a filamentous or yeast morphology depending on conditions of growth

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13
Q

the morphology of Candida albicans is further complicated and fairly unique why?

A

They can be dimorphic - yeast-like or filamentous (true hyphae) - but can also assume a pseudohyphae morphology where cells are elongated and linked like sausages. thus they could be called POLYMORPHIC

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14
Q

What types of immunity are used to fight fungi?

A

Good innate defenses

Cellular immunity

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15
Q

Explain Fungal cell wall

A

B-1,4 N-AGM (Chitin wall)

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16
Q

What are the two major targets for anti-fungals

A

Cell wall

Sterols (ergosterol)

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17
Q

What serves as the primary barrier to fungal pathology?

A

Functioning epithelium. Healthy people have a very high level of innate immunity to fungal diseases

18
Q

What things contribute to host resistance to fungus

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. pH
  3. epithelial cell turnover
  4. normal bacterial flora
19
Q

7 fungal pathologies

A
  1. Mycotoxicoses
  2. Hypersensitivities
  3. Superficial Mycoses
  4. Cutaneous Mycoses
  5. Subcutaneous Mycoses
  6. Systemic Mycoses
  7. Opportunistic Mycoses
20
Q

Is mycotoxicoses rare or common?

A

Rare

21
Q

Type I hypersensitivities like hay fever and asthma have what reaction to the pathology?

A

IgE mediated

22
Q

Type IV hypersensitivities like contact dermatitis to fungal products:

A

Cellular immunity, Th, Tc, CK

23
Q

What fungal pathology deals with outermost skin layers and hair and has no immune response?

A

Superficial mycoses

24
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses is caused by what?

A

Dermatophytes

  • Tricophyton species
  • Micosporum species
  • Epidermophyton species
25
Q

What are the 3 major types of dermatophytes that causes cutaneous mycoses

A
  • Tricophyton species
  • Micosporum species
  • Epidermophyton species
26
Q

How are subcutaneous mycoses transfered?

A

Fungi/spores introduced via wounds

27
Q

Systemic mycoses is passed how?

A 
Lung infections (Inhaled spores)
Inhaled
28
Q

4 different groups found to cause opportunistic mycoses

A
  1. Candidiasis (Fairly common (oral and vagina))
  2. Cryptococcus (bird droppings)
  3. Aspergillosis (soil, spores infect lungs)
  4. Pneumocystis (yeast-like fungus, lung infections in in AIDS)
29
Q

Why are oppportunistic mycoses a growing concern?

A

Because of AIDS, the growing use of immunosuppressive therapies and broad use of antibiotics

30
Q

What hosts are commonly found with Candidiasis?

A

Candidiasis is a major disease problem of immunocompromised hosts

31
Q

What is the #1 species of Candida?

A

C. albicans causing Oral, esophageal, and vaginal diseases

32
Q

T or F, Candidiasis is a disease almost exclusively of immunocompromised individuals?

A

True

33
Q

In acidic pH, what morphologic state will Candida be in?

A

The more acidic goes yeast –> Pseudohyphae

Less acidic would be true hyphae

34
Q

Does a body’s adaptive or specific immunity help fight fungi?

A

No, yeast proteases degrade Ab and C3b so there is no effective humal immunity

35
Q

What are the primary defenses against fungal infections

A

Innate and T cell-mediated (cellular)

36
Q

What cells respond to fungal antigens by producing cytokines that galvanize anti-fungal immunte (innate and adaptive)

A

Th1 cells

37
Q

Candida can act oppportunistically if …?

A

Either the innate defenses or adaptive immunity becomes compromised.

38
Q

Primary oral candidiasis clinical presentations:

A
  1. Acute pseudomembranous (White)
  2. Erythematous (Red) - No pseudomembrane)
  3. Chronic Hyperplastic (Grey)
  4. Chronic mucocutaneous
39
Q

Primary oral candiasis is presanet whre?

A

Only on oral and surrounding tissues

40
Q

Secondary oral candidiasis is present where?

A

Oral tissues that are associated with other candidial infections at other mucosal and cutaneous sites.

41
Q

A typical case of thrush =

A

Oral candidiasis

Oral Microbiology (12 decks)

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