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Neuroanatomy > Olfactory and Limbic Systems > Flashcards

Olfactory and Limbic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What does the olfactory system include?

A
  • epithelium in the nose
  • nerves
  • bulb
  • tract
  • cortex
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2
Q

Where are olfactory neurons located?

A

in the olfactory mucosa, restricted to the upper part of the nasal cavity

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3
Q

What does the olfactory epithelium contain?

A

olfactory neurons, supporting cells, and basal cells

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4
Q

What do basal cells do?

A

renew the bipolar neurons throughout life

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5
Q

Where do olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium send their axons?

A

through the cribriform plate to synapse on mitral cells in the olfactory bulb

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6
Q

What do axons of the olfactory neurons constitute?

A

the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)

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7
Q

What do axons of the mitral cells constitute?

A

the olfactory tract

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8
Q

What does the olfactory tract split into?

A

the medial and lateral olfactory striae

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9
Q

Where do the medial olfactory stria terminate?

A
  • septal nuclei
  • anterior perforated area
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10
Q

Where do the lateral olfactory stria terminate?

A
  • cerebral cortex of uncus
  • amygdala
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11
Q

What is involved in the interpretation of smell?

A
  • septal nuclei
  • anterior perforated area
  • cortex of the uncus
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12
Q

What is the limbic system concerned with?

A
  • feeding behaviour
  • control of aggression
  • emotion
  • sexual arousal
  • memory
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13
Q

How are structures in the limbic system arranged?

A

in a ring-like manner, between the diencephalon and the telencephalon

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14
Q

What are the 3 gyri associated with the limbic system?

A
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • subcallosal gyrus
  • cingulate gyrus
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15
Q

Give examples of nuclei in the limbic system

A
  • hippocampal formation
  • amygdala
  • basal forebrain
  • septal nuclei
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16
Q

What are many of the nuclei of the limbic system connected to and why?

A

the hypothalamus for regulation of body homeostasis and autonomic responses

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17
Q

What are the 4 components of the hippocampus formation?

A
  • entorhinal cortex
  • subiculum
  • hippocampus proper
  • dentate gyrus
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18
Q

What is the hippocampus formation made up of?

A

a special type of cerebral cortex rolled into the medial aspect of the temporal lobe

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19
Q

What is the hippocampus proper?

A

the actual structure of the hippocampus divided into CA fields 1-3

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20
Q

What are the principal cells of the hippocampus?

A

pyramidal neurons

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21
Q

What does the dentate gyrus contain?

A

dentate granule neurons formed throughout life via neurogenesis

22
Q

What do the dendrites of both granule and pyramidal cells contain?

A

large numbers of dendritic spines

23
Q

What does the hippocampal formation receive input from?

A

other association areas of the cortex via the entorhinal cortex

24
Q

Describe the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit

A
  1. entorhinal cortex projects to dentate granule neurons (perforant path)
  2. dentate granule neurons project to pyramidal neurons in CA3 (mossy fibres)
  3. CA3 pyramidal neurons project to CA1 pyramidal neurons (Shaffer collaterals)
25
Q

What is LTP?

A

the cellular substrate for learning and memory dependent on calcium entry via the NMDA glutamate receptor

26
Q

What do CA1 pyramidal neurons project to?

A

the subiculum which projects to the entorhinal cortex which in turn projects to other association areas of the cortex

27
Q

Where do axons sent from the hippocampus that form the fornix terminate?

A

in the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

28
Q

What is the hippocampus essential for?

A

explicit/declarative memory

29
Q

What does bilateral damage or removal of both hippocampi cause?

A

anterograde amnesia

30
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

the absence of conscious recall of newly acquired information for more than a few minutes

31
Q

How can the hippocampus be damaged?

A

global ischemia, AD and epilepsy

32
Q

How can dentate gyrus neurogenesis be decreased?

A

stress and depression

33
Q

How can dentate gyrus neurogenesis be increased?

A
  • maternal choline intake (eggs and beef liver)
  • enriched environment
  • physical exercise
  • antidepressant drugs
34
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

in the anterior part of the temporal lobe

35
Q

What inputs does the lateral nucleus of the amygdala receive?

A

olfactory, visual, auditory, tactile and visceral

36
Q

Where does the central nucleus of the amygdala project?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • brainstem
37
Q

What do central nuclei of the amygdala projecting to the brainstem do?

A

activate neurons that influence respiratory rate and autonomic activity to facilitate defensive/evasive activity

38
Q

What is the amygdala concerned with?

A

mood and emotion; it interprets and recalls emotional content of visual inputs and events

39
Q

What are autonomic responses of the amygdala?

A

heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and gastric motility

40
Q

What does removal of the amygdala in monkeys and rats cause?

A

a greatly increased sexual drive

41
Q

What does damage to the amygdala result in?

A
  • loss of fear and aggression
  • hyperorality (excessive attention to stimuli with oral tendencies)
  • hypersexuality
42
Q

What is the basal forebrain?

A

the grey matter in and around the anterior perforated substance

43
Q

What are the cholinergic nuclei of the basal forebrain?

A
  • nucleus basalis of Meynert, which projects to all parts of the neocortex
  • septal nucleus, which projects to the hippocampus
44
Q

What does the cholinergic supply from the nucleus basalis in the neocortex contribute to?

A

the awake pattern on EEG recordings since it is tonically active

45
Q

What are drugs used to treat AD?

A

acetylcholine esterase inhibitors that prolong the effect of ACh

46
Q

Where are septal nuclei located?

A

next to the septum pellucidum, separating the lateral ventricles

47
Q

What do septal nuclei receive afferents from?

A
  • medial olfactory stria
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • brainstem monoaminergic neurons
48
Q

What do septal nuclei send efferents to?

A
  • the habenular nucleus to affect the sleep-wake cycle
  • hippocampus via the septo-hippocampal pathway
49
Q

What do the septal nuclei affect?

A

rhythm in the hippocampus, which is important for formation of memories

50
Q

What does lesion of the septal nuclei in animals produce?

A

signs of extreme displeasure

51
Q

What does electrical stimulation of the human septal area produce?

A

sexual sensations similar to orgasm

Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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