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Neuroanatomy > CNS Organisation > Flashcards

CNS Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves and cranial nerves are there respectively?

A
  • 31 spinal
  • 12 cranial
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3
Q

Where is the brain located?

A

in the cranial cavity protected by the skull and meninges

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4
Q

What is the meninges?

A

the tough connective tissue that covers and surrounds the brain

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5
Q

What is the brain divided into?

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
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6
Q

What does the forebrain include?

A

the cerebrum and the diencephalon

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7
Q

What does the hindbrain include?

A

the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum

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8
Q

What does the brainstem include?

A

the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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9
Q

What makes up the vertebral column?

A

gaps between vertebrae of the spine

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10
Q

How is the CNS different to the PNS?

A
  • the CNS has little to no capacity to regenerate after injury
  • the CNS contains myelin that is inhibitory to neuro-regeneration
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11
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

the tailbone (coccyx)

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12
Q

What is the retina?

A

essentially an outgrowth of the brain that is part of the CNS

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13
Q

What nerve is the optic nerve?

A

cranial nerve 2

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14
Q

What are the 31 spinal nerves?

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
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15
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

the cerebrum

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16
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A

2 cerebral hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure

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17
Q

What is on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

a thin 5mm layer of grey matter

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18
Q

What is grey matter?

A

a collection of neuronal cell bodies called the cerebral cortex

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19
Q

What are gyri?

A

the folds and bumps in the brain

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20
Q

What are sulci?

A

the grooves of the brain

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21
Q

What does the central sulcus form?

A

the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes on the lateral and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

Where is the occipital lobe?

A

the very back of the brain

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23
Q

What is somatosensation?

A

sensation from the body surface e.g. pain, temperature, pressure, proprioception

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24
Q

What is proprioception?

A

position sense i.e. knowing where your body parts are without looking

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25
Q

What is required for sensation to reach consciousness?

A

the primary somatosensory cortex

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26
Q

What are the ascending and descending tracts respectively?

A
  • ascending = sensory signals
  • descending = motor signals
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27
Q

What is responsible for initiating all voluntary movement?

A

the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe

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28
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain and where are they?

A
  • frontal lobe - anterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral fissure
  • parietal lobe - posterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral fissure
  • temporal lobe - inferior to lateral fissure
  • occipital lobe - posterior to parietal and temporal lobes
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29
Q

Where is the hippocampus?

A

rolled in part of the cerebral cortex

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30
Q

What is the hippocampus essential for?

A

the formation of new memories

31
Q

What is the most vulnerable part of the brain?

A

the hippocampus, especially during global ischaemia and early stages of Alzheimer’s

32
Q

What does the hippocampus contain?

A

neurons and glial cells

33
Q

What does a neuron consist of?

A

a cell body, axon and dendrite

34
Q

What is the most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter respectively?

A
  • excitatory = glutamate
  • inhibitory = GABA
35
Q

What do glutamate and GABA receptors do respectively?

A
  • glutamate opens sodium channels and excites the postsynaptic neuron
  • GABA opens chloride channels and inhibits the postsynaptic neuron
36
Q

Where do glutamate and GABA synapse respectively?

A
  • glutamate = spines of neurons
  • GABA = shafts of dendrites
37
Q

What are the most common neurotransmitters in the PNS?

A

ACh and noradrenaline

38
Q

Where are dopamine and ACh important respectively?

A
  • dopamine = Parkinson’s disease
  • ACh = Alzheimer’s disease
39
Q

Where does the longest axon travel?

A

from the toe to the brain

40
Q

What do APs cause?

A

the release of a neurotransmitter from the axon terminal which then diffuses rapidly across the synaptic cleft and binds to the receptors on the dendrite of the next neuron

41
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

support the function of neurons

42
Q

Give examples of glial cells

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrites
  • microglia (macrophages)
43
Q

Give examples of neuronal membrane proteins

A
  • Na+/K+ ATPase
  • glucose transporter
44
Q

Give examples of glial membrane proteins

A

glutamate transporter

45
Q

Where is white matter found?

A

in the deeper tissues of the brain containing axons covered in lipid material myelin

46
Q

What is the largest white structure of the brain?

A

the corpus callosum

47
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

a white matter structure where a large number of motor and sensory fibres travel to and from the cortex

48
Q

What are nuclei?

A

collections of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

49
Q

Where is the diencephalon and what does it consist of?

A

between the two hemispheres and consists of the dorsal thalamus and the hypothalamus which are separated by the hypothalamic sulcus

50
Q

What is the last relay station before the signal is sent to the cerebral cortex?

A

the thalamus

51
Q

What is the diencephalon important for?

A

the regulation of movement and relay of sensory information

52
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of the internal balance of the body e.g. osmolarity/temperature/hormone levels of the blood

53
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A
  • influence the pituitary gland
  • control the secretion of hormones
  • alter homeostasis by direct neuronal projection
54
Q

What does the ANS control?

A

the internal organs of the body

55
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

a large mass of grey matter (nuclei) on either side of the third ventricle

56
Q

What is the third ventricle?

A

a narrow funnel-shaped structure in the centre of the brain

57
Q

What does the hypothalamus form?

A

the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the third ventricle

58
Q

What does the midbrain connect?

A

the forebrain to the hindbrain

59
Q

What are the muscles of the eye controlled by the cranial nerves?

A

the ciliary body and iris

60
Q

Which brain structures have ascending and descending tracts?

A
  • midbrain
  • forebrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
61
Q

What are the cranial nerves of the midbrain?

A

III and IV

62
Q

What are the nuclei of the midbrain associated with?

A

cranial nerves III, IV and V and visual and auditory pathways

63
Q

Where is the pons?

A

inferior to the midbrain and superior to the medulla oblongata

64
Q

What are the cranial nerves of the pons?

A

V, VI, VII and VIII

65
Q

What is the most inferior portion of the brain?

A

medulla oblongata

66
Q

What are the cranial nerves of the medulla oblongata?

A

IX, X, XI and XII

67
Q

What are the nuclei of the medulla oblongata associated with?

A

cranial nerves V, IX, X, XI, XII and cardiovascular and respiratory function

68
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

posterior to the pons and the medulla oblongata

69
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

the regulation of balance and coordinated movement

70
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of?

A

a midline portion (vermis) and 2 hemispheres connected to the brainstem

71
Q

Where is the spinal cord continuous with the brain?

A

at the foramen magnum of the skull which tapers off into the conus medullaris

72
Q

Why is there difference in length between the spinal cord and the vertebral column?

A

due to the differential growth of the spinal cord

73
Q

What does a cross section of the spinal cord contain?

A
  • spinal nerves
  • grey matter
  • fibre tracts

Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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