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Neuroanatomy > Nerve Supply of the Body Wall > Flashcards

Nerve Supply of the Body Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main directional terms?

A
  • lateral/medial
  • proximal/distal
  • cranial/claudal
  • posterior/anterior = anterior/ventral
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2
Q

What are spinal nerves part of?

A

PNS not CNS

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3
Q

What is the foramen?

A

an opening where spinal nerves can protrude

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4
Q

What are the 5 major parts of a typical vertebra?

A
  • vertebral arch
  • articular processes
  • pedicle
  • laminae
  • vertebral body
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5
Q

What are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves?

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
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6
Q

Which nerves supply the body wall?

A

the 12 thoracic spinal nerves and the first lumbar spinal nerve

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7
Q

What is within each spinal segment?

A

2 pairs of roots

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8
Q

What does the fissure determine?

A

the way that the spinal body is facing (dorsal or ventral)

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9
Q

What is white and grey matter?

A
  • white = myelinated axon
  • grey = collections of cell bodies
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10
Q

Where is the afferent (sensory) nerve and what does it do?

A

dorsal/posterior and senses the surroundings

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11
Q

Where is the efferent (motor) nerve and what does it do?

A

ventral/anterior and is the reaction to the muscle (motor function)

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12
Q

What does DAVE stand for?

A

Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent

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13
Q

What are the spinal nerves a combination of?

A

the anterior and posterior roots

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A
  • dura mater (outer layer, most durable)
  • arachnoid mater (middle layer that contains the fluid that cushions the brain)
  • pia mater (innermost layer, contains blood vessels)
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15
Q

What does each of the 12 thoracic nerves emerge from?

A

an intervertebral foramen that splits to form the dorsal and ventral rami

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16
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral rami contain?

A

motor and sensory fibres

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17
Q

Where does a spinal nerve collect sensory information from and where does it deliver?

A
  • collects from peripheral structures
  • delivers to sensory nuclei in the thoracic or superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord
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18
Q

What is the area of innervation called?

A

the rami communicantes

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19
Q

Why does the spinal ganglion bulge?

A

it is full of cell bodies (grey matter)

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20
Q

What does the sympathetic nerve carry?

A

sensory information from the visceral organs

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21
Q

What does the anterior ramus contain?

A

sensory information from the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall and the limbs

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22
Q

What does the posterior ramus contain?

A

sensory information from the skin and skeletal muscles of the back

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23
Q

What does the posterior root of the spinal nerve do?

A

carry sensory information to the spinal cord

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24
Q

Where do motor commands originate?

A

in motor nuclei of the thoracic or superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord

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25
Q

What do motor commands mostly execute?

A

muscle reflexes

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26
Q

What does the anterior root contain?

A

axons of somatic motor and visceral motor neuron

27
Q

What is the white ramus communicantes?

A

the first branch from the spinal nerve that carries the visceral motor fibres to the nearby sympathetic ganglion

28
Q

Where are white rami found?

A

only between T1 and L2

29
Q

What does the grey ramus communicantes contain?

A

postganglionic fibres that innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body wall or limbs

30
Q

Where are the cell bodies within the motor neuron?

A

the anterior horn of the spinal cord

31
Q

Where is the lower motor neuron?

A

in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

32
Q

What do the preganglionic sympathetic fibres do?

A

travel out of the spinal cord and connect with the sympathetic trunk via rami communicantes before synapsing

33
Q

Which sympathetic fibres are myelinated and unmyelinated respectively?

A
  • myelinated = presynaptic, white fibres
  • unmeymlinated = postsynaptic, grey fibres
34
Q

Where are the postganglionic sympathetic fibres distributed after rejoining the spinal nerve?

A

the body wall via the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerve

35
Q

What is the paravertebral ganglion?

A

the area that joins the post and presynaptic fibres

36
Q

What do sympathetic fibres supply via nerves to the skin?

A
  • blood vessels
  • sweat glands
  • arrectores pilorum
37
Q

What do the dorsal/posterior rami supply?

A

muscles, bones, joints and skin of the back

38
Q

What does each ventral/anterior rami supply?

A

the skin, muscles and serous membranes of the thoracic and abdominal walls (some ventral rami also supply the upper and lower limbs)

39
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

a segment of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve

40
Q

What are the centre parts and boundary of dermatomes innervated by respectively?

A
  • centre parts = single spinal nerve
  • boundary = many nerves working together
41
Q

Give examples of dermatome pathological conditions

A
  • shingles
  • pain in the left shoulder during a heart attack
42
Q

How and where does shingles occur?

A

at a specific dermatome around the abdomen and travels to the skin retrogradely from the DRG

43
Q

What are the ventral rami of the first 11 thoracic spinal nerves called?

A

intercostal nerves

44
Q

What are the typical intercostal nerves?

A

T4, T5, T6

45
Q

What do the 1st to 3rd ventral rami do?

A

give branches to the upper limb as well as to the thoracic wall (important for referred pain from the heart)

46
Q

What are the thoracoabdominal nerves?

A

T7 - T11

47
Q

What is the subcostal nerve?

A

T12

48
Q

What do the typical intercostal nerves supply?

A

the thoracic wall including the intercostal muscles

49
Q

What is the function of the intercostal muscles?

A

to increase thoracic diameter during inspiration

50
Q

Where do the intercostal muscles lie?

A

on the pleura and between the innermost and internal intercostal muscles

51
Q

What does each intercostal nerve give off at the angle of the rib?

A

a lateral cutaneous branch, which supplies the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the thorax

52
Q

What is the thorax and what is it made up of?

A

the chest and is made up of the thoracic wall, its superficial structures (breast, muscles, and skin), and the thoracic cavity

53
Q

What happens to the thorax at the end of the intercostal space medial to vessels?

A

it turns forward as the anterior cutaneous branch

54
Q

Where are the thoracoabdominal nerves located?

A

between the transversus and internal oblique muscles and continue behind the rectus abdominus muscle

55
Q

What are the functions of the thoracoabdominal muscles?

A
  • flexion, lateral flexion and rotation of trunk
  • forced expiration
  • to increase intra-abdominal pressure during micturition, defecation and parturition
56
Q

What do the thoracoabdominal nerves supply?

A

muscles of the thoracic and anterior abdominal walls e.g. intercostal, transverses and rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques

57
Q

What would a vertical incision along the linea semilunaris do?

A

denervate (cut off nerve supply) the rectus abdominus

58
Q

What does each thoracoabdominal nerve supply and how?

A

a band of skin by means of its lateral and anterior cutaneous branches

59
Q

What do the thoracoabdominal nerves give sensory twigs to?

A

the adjacent diaphragm, pleura, and peritoneum

60
Q

What are the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves derived from?

A

the first lumbar nerve (L1)

61
Q

What do the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves innervate respectively?

A
  • iliohypogastric = muscle and skin of abdominal region
  • ilioinguinal = transverse abdominis and internal obliques
62
Q

What is the inguinal region?

A

the lower portion of the anterior abdominal wall, located superior to the thigh, lateral to the pubic tubercle, and inferomedial to the anterior superior iliac spine

63
Q

What is referred pain?

A

pain from the internal organs and the body wall that is felt elsewhere and shares the same subsequent pathway up to the brain i.e. cross-talk

Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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