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Neuroanatomy > Blood Supply of the Brain > Flashcards

Blood Supply of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 pairs of arteries that supply the brain?

A
  • left and right internal carotid arteries
  • left and right vertebral arteries
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2
Q

What is the pathway of the vertebral artery?

A

it originates from the subclavian artery in the neck then enters the skull through the foramen magnum then gives off branches for blood supply

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3
Q

What does the vertebral artery supply?

A

spinal cord, medulla oblongata and cerebellum

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4
Q

What are 3 the branches of the vertebral artery?

A
  • anterior spinal artery
  • posterior spinal artery
  • posterior inferior cerebellar artery
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5
Q

What forms the basilar artery?

A

the 2 vertebral arteries joining at the pons

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6
Q

What does the basilar artery supply?

A

the hindbrain

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7
Q

What are 4 the branches of the basilar artery?

A
  • anterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • pontine branches
  • labyrinthine artery
  • superior cerebellar artery
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8
Q

How does the basilar artery end?

A

by dividing into the two posterior cerebral arteries

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9
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A
  • midbrain
  • medial aspect of the occipital lobe
  • base of the temporal and occipital lobes
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10
Q

What is the pathway of the carotid artery?

A

originates from the common carotid artery in the neck and enters the skull through the carotid canals situated within the cavernous sinus

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11
Q

How does the internal carotid artery end?

A

by dividing into the anterior and and the middle cerebral arteries

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12
Q

What is the pathway of the anterior cerebral artery?

A

it passes forward into the medial longitudinal fissure and then sweeps back to the parieto-occipital sulcus

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13
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

most of the medial surface of the hemisphere (except the medial aspect of the occipital lobe)

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14
Q

What is the pathway of the medial cerebral artery?

A

it passes laterally between the temporal and frontal lobes then emerges at the lateral fissure and fans out

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15
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

the 4 lobes

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16
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery do between the temporal and frontal lobes?

A

give off the lenticulostriate arteries, which supply the internal capsule

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17
Q

What can a block in the lenticulostriate arteries cause?

A

motor defects in the limbs depending on which part of the striatum is affected

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18
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A

an anastomosis between the vertebral and internal carotid arteries

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19
Q

What does the circle of Willis do?

A

supply blood to the opposite side of the brain in cases of slow occlusion of an artery in one side

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20
Q

What does the posterior communicating artery do?

A

connect the middle cerebral artery with the posterior cerebral artery

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21
Q

Why should the main arteries be present outside of the nervous tissue and where are they instead?

A

blood is cytotoxic; they sit in the arachnoid spaces between the pia and dura mater

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22
Q

Why is the circle of Willis clinically important?

A

if one of the arteries becomes slowly occluded, blood can still pass around the other way to reach the affected area i.e. collateral circulation

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23
Q

What causes an ischemic stroke?

A

the arteries of the brain becoming occluded by a thrombus or embolus

24
Q

What is an embolus?

A

moving clot within the artery

25
Q

What is the most common cause of stroke?

A

occlusion of the lenticulostriate arteries

26
Q

What does a stroke result in?

A

motor deficits, sensory deficits and cognitive dysfunction

27
Q

Where is a frequent site of aneurysms?

A

the circle of Willis

28
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

abnormal out-
pocketing of the wall of a blood vessel

29
Q

What can cause visual disturbances?

A

an aneurysm pressing on adjacent structures, such as the optic chiasm

30
Q

What causes a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

rupture of a berry aneurysm in the base of the circle of Willis

31
Q

Which neurons are the most sensitive?

A

those in the cerebral cortex

32
Q

Why can someone be impaired for life after a short interruption in the cerebral blood flow?

A

the neurons of the higher centres, such as personality, memory, have died, whereas the lower, life-sustaining ones might still be viable

33
Q

How much of the CO does the brain use?

A

15-20%

34
Q

What happens to blood from the brain?

A

it drains into venous sinuses, which eventually empty into the internal jugular vein

35
Q

Where does blood from the superficial part of the superior aspect of the brain drain?

A

into the superior sagittal sinus

36
Q

Where does blood from the inferior part of the brain drain?

A

into the transverse sinus as well as the superficial middle cerebral vein

37
Q

Where does the superficial middle cerebral vein drain?

A

into the cavernous sinus

38
Q

What is the cavernous sinus closely related to?

A
  • cranial nerves III, IV, V and VI
  • part of the internal carotid artery
39
Q

Where does blood from the centre of the brain drain?

A

into the deep cerebral veins, which drain into the straight venous sinus

40
Q

What is the pathway of blood from the superficial and deep parts of the brain?

A

venous sinuses → internal jugular vein → heart

41
Q

Where do superior sagittal and straight sinuses flow?

A

into the transverse sinus → sigmoid sinus → internal jugular vein of the neck

42
Q

Where can rupture of a cerebral vein occur?

A

between one of the superior cerebral veins as it drains into the superior sagittal sinus

43
Q

What does rupturing of a cerebral vein lead to?

A

a subdural haemorrhage

44
Q

What are symptoms of a subdural haemorrhage?

A

dizziness, headaches, apathy, falling, confusion, and drowsiness due to the slowly expanding haematoma pressing on the brain

45
Q

What do capillaries of the brain do?

A

form the blood brain barrier

46
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier do?

A

prevent the random entry of water-soluble substances into the brain parenchyma

47
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery supply?

A

the dura matter (meninges) and the skull bone

48
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery lie?

A

between the dura mater and the skull

49
Q

How can the middle meningeal artery be injured?

A

due to bone splinters from a head trauma cutting the artery

50
Q

What are the 3 phases of injury to the middle meningeal artery?

A
  1. brief concussion
  2. lucid interval
  3. gradual loss of consciousness and death
51
Q

What causes unconsciousness and coma after a head injury?

A

arterial blood flowing out rapidly between the dura and the bone forms an extradural haemorrhage that presses on the underlying brain and brain stem containing the cardiac and respiratory centres

52
Q

What is the immediate surgical intervention to head trauma victims?

A

clamping of the cut artery and draining of the accumulated blood

53
Q

What is CSF?

A

a clear fluid that acts as a protective “liquid cushion” around the brain and spinal cord by absorbing shock waves from blows and falls

54
Q

What does the CSF do and why?

A

remove metabolites from the brain since the brain has no lymphatic channels

55
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

the choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles

56
Q

Where does CSF flow?

A
  • from the lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle
  • via the cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ventricle
  • flows out of the 4th ventricle to bathe the whole brain and spinal cord
57
Q

How is CSF absorbed into the superior sagittal sinus?

A

by arachnoid granulations

Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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